Ivano Alessandro Devilla

Most studies in the field of application technology have focused on the interaction between adjuvants and agrochemicals, highlighting the need for further research to evaluate the behavior of adjuvants in association with other classes of crop protection products. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of adjuvants and air velocity on spray drift deposition in simulated applications conducted in a wind tunnel using a bioinsecticide based on Bacillus thuringiensis. The experiment was carried out in an open-circuit, blower-type wind tunnel installed at the Agricultural Machinery Laboratory of the State University of Goiás—Central Campus. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design arranged in a 5 × 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with three replications. Treatments consisted of five horizontal distances from the spraying point (0.45, 0.75, 1.05, 1.35, and 1.65 m), four wind speeds inside the tunnel (1 m s⁻¹, 2 m s⁻¹, 3 m s⁻¹, and 4 m s⁻¹), and four spray solution formulations (water; Dipel^®, Dipel^® + Veget’Oil^®, and Dipel^® + Break Thru^®). Artificial targets positioned transversely to the airflow were used to collect spray deposition and, after spraying, were divided into lower, middle, and upper thirds according to the height of the test section. Data were obtained by spectrophotometry and, after verification of the ANOVA assumptions, were subjected to analysis of variance (p < 0.05). When significant effects were observed, regression analyses were applied. Statistical analyses were conducted using the R and Sisvar software packages. Mean deposition values were converted into deposition percentage as a function of the total sprayed volume. The experimental data were also subjected to geostatistical analysis using GS+ software (Version 7^®). After confirming spatial dependence, contour maps were generated using kriging. Higher wind speeds led to higher deposition percentages. The use of adjuvants affected spray deposition in the upper and middle thirds, with responses depending on the spray solution composition. Spray deposition in the wind tunnel can be analyzed using geostatistics, as this variable showed a high degree of spatial variability across all treatments evaluated.

Most studies in the field of application technology have focused on the interaction between adjuvants and agrochemicals, highlighting the need for further research to evaluate the behavior of adjuvants in association with other classes of crop protection products. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of adjuvants and air velocity on spray drift deposition in simulated applications conducted in a wind tunnel using a bioinsecticide based on Bacillus thuringiensis. The experiment was carried out in an open-circuit, blower-type wind tunnel installed at the Agricultural Machinery Laboratory of the State University of Goiás – Central Campus. The study was conducted in a completely randomized design arranged in a 5 × 4 × 4 factorial scheme, with three replications. Treatments consisted of five horizontal distances from the spraying point (0.45, 0.75, 1.05, 1.35, and 1.65 m), four wind speeds inside the tunnel (1, 2, 3, and 4 m s⁻¹), and four spray solution formulations (water + dye; bioinsecticide + dye; bioinsecticide + vegetable oil + dye; and bioinsecticide + surfactant + dye). For deposition sampling, artificial targets were positioned transversely to the airflow and, immediately after spraying, were divided into lower, middle, and upper thirds relative to the height of the test section. Data were obtained by spectrophotometry and, after verifying the ANOVA assumptions, subjected to ANOVA (P < 0.05). When significant, mean comparisons and regression analyses were performed. Statistical analyses were conducted using the R and Sisvar software packages. Mean deposition values were converted into drift percentage as a function of the total sprayed volume. The experimental data were also subjected to geostatistical analysis using GS+ software (Version 7®). After confirming spatial dependence, contour maps were generated using kriging. Higher wind speeds led to higher drift percentages. The use of the adjuvant Break Thru® contributed to reducing drift in the upper and middle thirds. In the lower third, at a wind speed of 1 m s⁻¹, the addition of Break Thru® reduced drift; however, at 4 m s⁻¹, adjuvants did not reduce deposition compared to the spray solution prepared with the biological insecticide. The analyzed variable showed a strong spatial dependence across all treatments.

Wind tunnels are used in application technology for simulating uniform scenarios and quantifying spray drift. This study describes the design, construction, and validation of an open-circuit wind tunnel for aerodynamic simulations at the State University of Goiás. The tunnel consists of a fan, stabilization chamber, nozzle, test section, and diffuser. All components have a square cross-section and were constructed using iron bars and galvanized steel sheets for structural support and outer casing. The test section measures 0.60 m × 0.60 m in cross-section and 1.80 m in length and has acrylic access doors. The contraction nozzle was defined using a fifth-degree polynomial. The honeycomb structure was made from joined PVC pipes. Air propulsion is provided by a 1.1 kW three-phase motor conected to an axial fan and a frequency inverter. Validation involved measuring wind speeds inside the test section at three set points ??(1, 3, and 5 m s-1). Flow uniformity was assessed by calculating the Reynolds number, Mach number, and descriptive measurements. Results showed that the fan maintained desired operating conditions, and the tunnel generated a homogeneous, laminar, and incompressible flow, confirming its suitability for a wide range of simulation studies.

This study evaluated the physicochemical properties of tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) pulp powders obtained by foam mat drying at temperatures ranging from 60 °C to 85 °C. Analyses included ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, soluble solids, color (L*, a*, b*, chroma, hue), water, ash, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and fibers. Higher drying temperatures increased soluble solids and carbohydrates, while lipids and ash reached maximum values at moderate temperatures (65 °C to 75 °C) before decreasing. Ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, and color parameters declined continuously with increasing temperature, indicating thermal sensitivity. Protein content remained stable, demonstrating thermal resistance. Foam mat drying proved to be a viable technique to produce tamarind pulp powder with preserved nutritional value, especially at 65 °C, which maintained adequate levels of lipids, minerals, and proteins. The powders obtained under these conditions have potential application in beverages, bakery products, and snacks, contributing to the development of new functional foods.

A abóbora cabotiá, também conhecida como abóbora japonesa ou kabocha, é uma variedade popular no Brasil, apreciada pelo seu sabor distinto e consistência. Além disso, é rica em vitaminas A e C, fibras e antioxidantes, tornando-se uma opção nutritiva. A secagem é um método essencial para preservar os nutrientes da abóbora, removendo a umidade e impedindo a o desenvolvimento de microrganismos, o que evita a deterioração do produto, melhorando a capacidade de armazenamento e o transporte. A presente pesquisa envolve a determinação experimental da cinética de secagem de chips de abóbora cabotiá em condições controladas, incluindo e a modelagem matemática do processo. O experimento foi realizado com diferentes temperaturas (35, 45 e 55 ºC). As amostras foram secas em estufa de convecção forçada do ar até massa constante. Aos dados obtidos experimentalmente, foram ajustados 11 modelos matemáticos citados na literatura e utilizados como método para representar o processo de secagem. De acordo com os resultados, o modelo matemático de Midilli foi considerado o mais adequado para estabelecer a cinética de secagem dos chips de abóbora cabotiá. Pode-se concluir que os chips de abobora cabotiá, secos nas temperaturas de 35, 45 e 55 ºC secaram em 600, 300 e 250 min, respectivamente.

The aeration system is used to preserve the quality of the stored grains, with the main objective of cooling the grain mass. Despite being the most widespread system for preserving stored grains, aeration has limitations such as dependence on local climatic conditions. Therefore, the cooling system can be an alternative technology to replace conventional aeration. The objective of this work was to design, construct and evaluate an artificially cooled grain aeration system. A prototype silo with dimensions of 0.9 m in diameter and 3 m in height, with a perforated bottom, was built, and an artificially cooled aeration system was adapted, in which the vortex tube coupled to the side of the plenum was used to blow the cold air. In the recording of temperature and interstitial moisture data of the grains; and the temperature and humidity of the environment, SHT75 sensors were used that were placed in the center of the prototype silo. The vortex tube was activated 15 minutes before turning on the fan, so that the temperature of the air blown by the fan in the silo was lower than the temperature of the ambient air. The artificially cooled system was activated daily at 7 pm and turned off at 8 am. In the evaluation period, the air temperature did not present major variations, ranging from 20.97 to 26.56ºC, on the other hand, the relative humidity of the air suffered large oscillations from 81.13 to 34.78%. The evaluation time was 26 days and the average temperature recorded at the end of the experiment was 24.02ºC. The artificially cooled aeration system worked correctly, reducing the temperature of the aeration air, but only with one compressor it showed low efficiency.

Este artigo teve como propósito a concepção de um modelo reduzido de elevador agrícola em escala 1:10, com o intuito de servir como recurso educacional para os estudantes do Curso de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Estadual de Goiás do Campus Central. A construção do modelo foi realizada mediante o emprego de uma impressora 3D, sendo as peças modeladas no software Autodesk Fusion 360. Tal qual o equipamento real, o modelo foi dividido em três partes principais: o pé, o corpo e a cabeça do elevador. Para a obtenção de informações do elevador pelos estudantes, foram incorporadas placas com QR Codes de cada parte do equipamento, fornecendo detalhes sobre sua definição, composição e procedimentos de manutenção. Como resultado, verificou-se que o modelo desenvolvido é uma valiosa ferramenta para o ensino de temas relacionados à pós-colheita, a armazenagem e os transportadores de grãos. O modelo proporcionou observação acessível e detalhada do elevador agrícola, enriquecendo o aprendizado dos estudantes.

O sistema de aeração é utilizado na preservação da qualidade dos grãos armazenados, tendo como objetivo principal resfriar a massa de grãos. Apesar de ser o sistema mais difundido para preservação de grãos armazenados, a aeração tem limitações como a dependência das condições climáticas locais. Por isso o sistema de resfriamento pode ser uma tecnologia alternativa para substituir a aeração convencional. Neste trabalho objetivou-se projetar, construir e avaliar um sistema de aeração de grãos artificialmente resfriado. Foi construído um silo protótipo com dimensões de 0,9 m de diâmetro e 3 m de altura, de fundo perfurado e adaptado um sistema de aeração artificialmente resfriado, no qual foi utilizado o tubo de vórtice acoplado na lateral do plênum, para insuflar o ar frio. No registro dos dados de temperatura e umidade intersticial dos grãos; e a temperatura e umidade do ambiente, foram utilizados sensores SHT75 que ficaram dispostos no centro do silo protótipo. O tubo de vórtex era acionado 15 minutos antes de ligar o ventilador, para que a temperatura do ar insuflado pelo ventilador no silo estivesse menor que a temperatura do ar ambiente. O sistema artificialmente resfriado, foi acionado diariamente às 19 horas e desligado às 8 horas. No período de avaliação a temperatura do ar não apresentou grandes variações, oscilando de 20,97 até 26,56ºC, em contrapartida a umidade relativa do ar sofreu grandes oscilações de 81,13 até 34,78%. O tempo de avaliação foi de 26 dias e a temperatura média registrada no final do experimento foi de 24,02ºC. O sistema de aeração artificialmente resfriado funcionou de forma correta, diminuindo a temperatura do ar de aeração, porém apenas com um compressor apresentou baixa eficiência.

Inoculants containing strains of bacteria that fix atmospheric N that are tolerant or resistant to chemical products commonly used in seed treatment are classified as long-life inoculants, which contribute to improving the efficiency of nodulating bacteria in soybean crops. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of applying commonly used pesticides in seed treatment and a long-life inoculant, alone or in combination, on the nodulation process and seed quality of soybeans during storage. The first experiment was carried out in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design, in an 8 × 2 factorial arrangement, with three replications. The treatments consisted of applications of industrial seed treatments: control, MaximAdvanced, Fortenza, long-life inoculant, MaximAdvanced + Fortenza, MaximAdvanced + long-life inoculant, Fortenza + long-life inoculant, and MaximAdvanced + Fortenza + long-life inoculant. The seeds were sown in pots containing soils from two crop areas. The second experiment was carried out in a laboratory, using a completely randomized design in an 8 × 7 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the same eight treatments used in the greenhouse experiment, which were applied before packaging and storing the seeds for two months. The industrial seed treatment with the mixture of fungicide, insecticide, and inoculants improved the soybean photosynthesis and nodulation processes, regardless of the history of the area. Soybean seeds can be stored for commercial purposes for up to 40 days, regardless of the seed treatment with fungicide, insecticide, and long-life inoculant applied alone or in combination.

This study aimed to evaluate the application of chemical defensives and long-life inoculant, in mixtures or not, under the nodulation process of plants and the quality of soy seeds during storage. The first was carried out in a greenhouse and completely randomized design was used, in an 8 x 2 factorial scheme, with three replications, and the treatments consisted of applications of seed treatments via industrial: (T1 - control; T2 - MaximAdvanced; T3 - Fortenza; T4 - long-life inoculant; T5 - MaximAdvanced + Fortenza); T6 - MaximAdvanced + long-life inoculant; T7 - Fortenza + long-life inoculant; T8 - MaximAdvanced + Fortenza + long-life inoculant), which were sown in pots containing soils from two cultivation areas; the second in the laboratory, using a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme 8 x 7, with four replications, with treatments consisting of eight combinations of industrial seed treatment in the greenhouse, stored for two months. That seed treatment industrial with fungicide/insecticide/inoculant, applied in isolation or not, does not influence the soy nodulation process. Soy seeds, regardless of the type of treatment received with fungicide/insecticide/long-life inoculant products, in mixtures or in isolation, may be stored for a period of 40 days for commercial purposes.