Barbara Kaczmarczyk

Cyberspace has become a place of aggressive attacks aimed at various areas of human life. Statistics indicate a dynamic increase in cyberattacks in European Union (EU) member states and NATO countries, where technologies are developing at a rapid pace; on the one hand, this contributes to economic growth and, on the other hand, to the creation of increasingly complex cyberattack algorithms. They are aggressive and can cause significant losses. The following research methods were used to develop the article: analysis and synthesis of literature on the subject in the field of security, the state security system, cybersecurity, statistical data and legal acts. interviews were also conducted with experts in the field of security and cybersecurity systems. A systemic approach can be considered in the context of two subsystems: management and executive. The management subsystem includes the decision-making bodies of NATO and EU structures that develop a cybersecurity policy for all members of their structures, while the executive subsystem includes the armed forces and other security entities of individual EU and NATO members, as well as society on an individual (citizens) and collective (private institutions, enterprises) basis. Due to the nature of cyber threats, cyber security should be considered systemically, i.e. in a way that covers all its aspects; we should also improve cybersecurity strategies to counter threats, secure infrastructure and the green energy sector, develop technological and production resources, and enable the creation of cyber defense that is applicable both in one country and around the world.

DEFINICJA POJĘCIA: Rola granicy odnosi się do wyznaczenia obszaru państwa, w obrębie którego sprawuje ono swoją zwierzchność oraz zachowuje suwerenność. Ochrona granicy państwowej jest elementem bezpieczeństwa państwa i jest zadaniem wielopłaszczyznowym, polegającym na organizacji przedsięwzięć administracyjno‑politycznych, w tym militarnych, które państwo podejmuje w celu zachowania swojej suwerenności. ANALIZA HISTORYCZNA POJĘCIA: Podstawowym elementem każdego państwa jest jego terytorium. Jest ono przestrzenią, w obrębie której ludność egzystuje i może się rozwijać. Na przestrzeni wieków wzrost liczby państw spowodował zwiększenie liczby granic pomiędzy nimi. Konsekwencją tych zmian była konieczność określenia zarówno nowej struktury, jak i funkcji granic. UJĘCIE PROBLEMOWE POJĘCIA: Artykuł podejmuje następujące problemy: wskazuje na typologie granic. Wyjaśnia, czym jest system ochrony granic oraz system zarządzania granicą zewnętrzną Unii Europejskiej, a także przedstawia znaczenie migracji we współczesnym świecie. REFLEKSJA SYSTEMATYCZNA Z WNIOSKAMI I REKOMENDACJAMI: Jednym z działań podejmowanych przez państwo w celu zagwarantowania najwyższych wartości jest sprawnie funkcjonujący system ochrony granicy państwowej, potrafiący dopasować się oraz sprostać zmiennemu środowisku bezpieczeństwa oraz pojawiającym się zagrożeniom. Przeprowadzona analiza pojęcia ochrony granicy państwowej potwierdza, jak złożony jest to proces. Współczesne granice funkcjonują w inny sposób i w innym zakresie niż w niedalekiej przeszłości, a ich obecna percepcja odnosi się do zmian w kontekście poczucia obywatelstwa, tożsamości narodowej oraz zachowania suwerenności.

Renewable energy sources serve as an alternative to conventional energy sources, with the main advantages being their inexhaustible nature and the absence of or significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. On the other hand, the development of energy production utilising renewable sources remains controversial, primarily because of the high initial costs of RES investment projects and the carbon footprint during the production phase of RES facilities. However, these appear to be gradually offset by the many benefits that outweigh the initial RES facility maintenance costs. Unsurprisingly, European Union (EU) countries are at the forefront of the transition to a low-emission economy. This is evidenced by such things as the 22% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions in the Member States, achieved despite a 58% increase in gross domestic product (GDP) between 1990 and 2017. Nonetheless, the use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, water, etc., is much more expensive than burning fossil fuels. It must be stressed that the European Union’s success in this regard is influenced by the actions taken by all Member States to implement the European Green Deal and their individual targets. Furthermore, the transition to a zero-emission economy is also the result of the informed participation and involvement of all European Community residents. Therefore, there exists a need for education on renewable energy sources to facilitate the transition to a zero-emission economy in European Union countries. This education should primarily target young people, whose critical choices will shape this area in the future. It is the knowledge and awareness of young people that will largely determine whether it will be possible to limit greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. This article aimed to determine how Polish and foreign students view the transition to a zero-emission economy. The article places a special emphasis on renewable energy sources as a key factor in shaping national security in terms of sustainable ecology and friendly social development. The aim of the study was achieved through a research process using theoretical and empirical research methods. To that end, the subject literature and current legislation on renewable energy sources were analysed. Moreover, a survey was conducted among Polish and foreign students living in Poland. The analysis of the research results made it possible to formulate recommendations on how to shape national security in terms of sustainable ecology and friendly social development.

This article presents information on energy carriers from renewable sources and their share in the energy balance of the European Union Member States. The subject is extremely dynamic, and this field is still developing. The European Union is constantly implementing new programs to help Europe go green. Based on the analysis of statistical data, the scale and manner of using energy from renewable sources in each of the EU Member States have been presented and compared. The article also presents indicators of the share of total and sectoral energy from renewable sources in gross final energy consumption, monitoring the implementation of EU commitments.

This article describes how the emergency notification system operates in Poland and presents the scale and use of the emergency number by the public based on an analysis of statistical data. The data collected was compared with data from other European Union countries. An outline of the steps taken by member states to reduce the number of calls blocking the emergency line is also presented

Renewable energy sources are an alternative to traditional sources and are based on inexhaustible and environmentally friendly supply. Various controversies have been stirred up by the development of energy production from renewable sources, e.g., due to the high cost of these investments or carbon footprint at the production stage of renewable installations, or later in the disposal process. However, they seem to be gradually offset by the numerous benefits that outweigh the initial costs of their support. Therefore, it is not surprising that European Union (EU) countries are at the forefront of the transition to a low-emission economy. This is evidenced, e.g., by a 22% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Member States, with gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 58% between 1990 and 2017. Nevertheless, the use of renewable energy sources such as sun, wind, water, etc. is much more expensive than burning fossil fuels. This argument of high investment costs can be decisive in decisions of both public debates and individual households. Therefore, education on renewable energy sources is needed to facilitate the process of transition to a zero-emission economy in the European Union countries. This education should, above all, be addressed to young people, who will be making these decisions in the future. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 will largely depend on the knowledge and awareness of young people. The aim of the paper is to diagnose the perception of the transition to a zero-carbon economy in the opinion of Polish schoolchildren. We put a particular emphasis on renewable energy sources as a key element shaping the security of the state in terms of sustainable ecology and friendly social development. We achieved the aim of the study through a research process with use of theoretical and empirical research methods. We analysed the literature on the subject and the current legal acts in the field of renewable energy sources. We also conducted a survey of high school students in Poland. The analysis of the research results allowed us to formulate recommendations on the possibility of shaping state security in the field of sustainable ecology and friendly social development.

(1) Introduction: The European Union is a global leader in the transition to a low-carbon economy. The community’s population has already reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 22%, while the gross domestic product (GDP) in its member states increased by 58% between 1990 and 2017. The Union has shown that economic growth is possible in the link between politics, nature, and the citizens’ eco-empathy. It has implications for both the European and global economy, infrastructure, food production, public health, and biodiversity, the formula for political stability. The hallmark of the European Union is the blending of politics, culture, and nature in its quest for climate neutrality. The community’s horizon is a zero-emission economy by 2050. (2) Theoretical framework: The cognitive assumptions of the article are the following theses: 1. The Union strives to accelerate the transition process to a regenerative growth model using technologies for obtaining and distributing energy for individual and collective needs; 2. The Union and the European citizens want to hand over more to planet Earth than they take away from it, thus making progress toward keeping resource consumption within planetary limits. 3. The Union aims to reduce its consumption footprint and double the rate of applying closed-loop materials in the next decade. Finally, it fits in with the organization’s policy projections. (3) Methodology and research results: Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used in the research process. The literature has been analyzed on the subject and the applicable legal acts, making it possible to classify, generalize, describe, and systematize the facts collected during the research. A survey was conducted on 1106 students, and in-depth interviews were conducted with three energy experts: Krzysztof Tomaszewski (the University of Warsaw, researcher and lecturer on energy security issues), Dariusz Pachniewski (inventor in energy sector, businessman in hydrogen energy sector), and Tomoho Umeda (President of Polish Chamber of Commerce). The research aimed to identify the environmental and energy awareness, knowledge of renewable energy sources, and opinions of young Poles on their use in two areas: home and work. (4) Discussion: The reinforced narrative of creating a low-carbon society, a green economy, was adapted and evaluated for innovative individual and collective approaches in the research conducted in this paper. In the quantitative and qualitative samples, the assumptions made were double-checked. The former verified the students’ views, while the latter, the experts’ views. The procedure established the directions of knowledge evolution and approach to technologies and innovations among students of technical faculties related to the energy sector. There were existing individual and collective mental constructs on energy transition and climate neutrality identified. (5) Conclusions: The surveys conducted among university students of energy-related majors and specialties and experts revealed important information. First, it concerned the way knowledge is communicated and how it is interpreted; second, informing and implementing the European Union’s climate policy; third, the creation of a low-carbon society; fourth, the perception of climate neutrality among young Poles, and finally, preferences in energy generation and use in homes and businesses.

The article presents fundamental issues related to vital problems with a view to research on internal security, namely — opportunities, challenges, risks and threats. The reason for treating these phenomena in such a way is the fact that they most often occur together. It also seems important that today there is a substantial perception and awareness of opportunities, challenges, risks and threats. This can be achieved by making information and knowledge widely available. A significant source of the latter is scientific research which provides systematically improved and highly objective collections of reliable information about reality together with the methods for their skilful and effective use. The considerations presented are based on a review of the Polish and foreign literature used in security research conducted within the framework of security sciences. It has been used to present basic identification problems and mutual relationships among opportunities, challenges, risks and threats. The analysis presented indicates a lack of uniformity in the perception of the concept of risk. Completely different is the situation with regard to identifying opportunities, challenges, risks and threats. There are here many common areas referring mainly to sources and effects. The considerations presented have made it possible to identify mutual cognitive and utilitarian relations between the subject phenomena. The conclusions of the article include a summary of the above-mentioned considerations.