Arindam Maity

Due to its extensive biological activity and structural heterogeneity, the special nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic compound isatin (1 H ‐indole‐2,3‐dione) has attracted significant interest. This paper explains the synthesis and action of heterocyclic isatin hybrids that induce apoptosis by blocking kinases, serving as an appropriate model for the development of new anticancer drugs. Isatin has significant potential to form potent isatin hybrids and conjugates that target multiple carcinogenic pathways through various chemical modifications. Remarkably, isatin hybrids have demonstrated anticancer activity across numerous cancer cell lines. Their activities include inhibition of tubulin polymerization, caspase activation, apoptosis mediated by mitochondria, and regulation of kinases. Several synthetic isatin‐based drugs show excellent IC ₅₀ values and low toxicity against normal cells. This review also summarizes recent synthetic advancements like microwave‐assisted and multi‐component methods. In addition to summarizing recent advances, this review critically integrates SAR, molecular docking, kinase selectivity, synthetic feasibility, CADD, predictive ADMET profiling, and translational challenges to afford a complete roadmap for isatin‐based anticancer drug discovery. Overall, these findings reveal that isatin is a useful framework for developing new anticancer drugs. In the future, nano‐formulation drug delivery systems with new drug signaling pathways will be promoted to increase bioavailability and targeted delivery, especially in solid tumors.

1. Heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen and sulfur are of great interest, as these compounds are pharmacologically active and safer. A majority of the therapeutic small molecules and those that a...

1. Quantum dots (QDs) defined as such a specified and specific form of nanomaterial made up of semiconductor, whose optical and electronic properties are exhibited through quantum confinement, and ...

Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has transpired as aneconomical, efficient and environmentally friendlycompared to conventional methods. In this study, Sarcochlamys pulcherrima leaf extract was made to be used as a natural reducing and capping agent to fabricate silver nanoparticles (sp-AgNPs), which were further evaluated for antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. The sp-AgNPs were synthesized via two ways; Heating at 80 °C and Non-heating methodsto evaluate the particle size difference on the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy.The sp-AgNPs were characterized using standard techniques ofUV–Vis spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Zeta Potential, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The colour change pre and post synthesis and subsequent characteristic UV–Vis peaks confirmed successful nanoparticle formation. Zeta and SEM analyses of sp-AgNPs revealed average sizes of 37.6–45.1 nm for Heat and 44.7–53.9 nm for Non-heatwith spherical, needle-like morphology. EDX confirmed the presence of silver ionin sp-AgNPs. Antibacterial assays against B.subtilis, S.aureus, P.aeruginosa, and E.coli showed inhibitory zones with both synthesis methods. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Maximum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for sp-AgNPs wereevaluated and antibiofilm activity performed.Superior biofilm inhibition of 67.51–83.14%was demonstrated by Non-heatingsynthesismethod compared to 50.93–73.76% reduction bythe heatmethod.Further, the Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) data and Network pharmacology identified key antibacterial phytoconstituents targeting immune and metabolic pathways like AKT1, STAT3, and CASP3. Overall, this study demonstrates a facile green synthesis of sp-AgNPs with potent antibacterial and antibiofilm potential which can be harnessed for future biomedical applications.

Dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses are major global health threats that belong to the genus Flavivirus and demand urgent attention. The viral proteases, particularly the viral protease complex (NS2B-NS3; NS2B: A small cofactor protein that activates NS3, NS3: A large multifunctional protein) complex, play a vital role in viral replication, making them prime targets for antiviral drug development. This review article has included the synthetic approach and Structure Activities Relationship (SAR) of such compounds, emphasizing how structural modifications in N-heterocyclic analogs affect inhibitory effectiveness toward proteases. Synthetic approaches such as click chemistry, cyclization, and bioisosteric replacements have been reviewed in order to enhance the selectivity and bioavailability of such molecules. Furthermore, computational modeling and molecular docking studies have been emphasized that support the rational drug design of reported molecules by predicting key binding interactions and optimizing pharmacokinetic parameters. In summary, this article underscores the importance of N-heterocyclic structures to develop viral protease inhibitors and provides direction for future antiviral drug development efforts. This review also highlights the potential of N-containing heterocycles as promising scaffolds for protease inhibition with an emphasis on their synthetic accessibility and capacity to engage in strong interactions within viral active sites. The present review also focuses on a future for the synthesis of nitrogenous heterocyclic analogs with a greater leadership of in silico approaches, including computational docking, fragment-based screening, and high-throughput synthesis techniques. Recent advances demonstrate that structural optimization of these heterocycles has led to compounds with encouraging antiviral activity, i.e., supported by computational insights. Looking forward, integrating in silico approaches with innovative synthetic methodologies is expected to accelerate development of selective and potent flaviviral protease inhibitors. Together, these efforts may pave the way for effective treatments against emerging flavivirus infections.