Yogesh Kumar

Introduction: Recent advancements in biomedical research have been significantly accelerated by Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and computational modeling, enabling breakthroughs that were previously hidden or unattainable with conventional approaches. AI and ML have evolved from supportive technologies to central components of biomedical discovery. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar, covering studies published between January 2015 and March 2026. Relevant articles focusing on AI, machine learning, deep learning, computational modeling, precision medicine, medical imaging, and clinical diagnostics were systematically screened and analyzed. Results: The data and information reviewed confirm that ML has reached expert-level benchmarks in image-heavy diagnostics and individualized risk stratification. However, high accuracy in a laboratory setting does not always translate to clinical success. Discussion: The reviewed evidence demonstrates that AI and ML are increasingly being applied in healthcare by enhancing diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment. However, challenges related to interpretability, data quality, clinical validation, and ethical implementation must be addressed to ensure reliable, transparent, and widespread adoption in routine clinical practice. Conclusion: The findings indicate that for these systems to transform healthcare delivery, the emphasis should shift from solely predictive accuracy to transparency and clinical validation. The future of this field depends on creating interpretable models that clinicians trust, ensuring that technological advancements improve patient outcomes rather than merely achieving higher accuracy in laboratory tests.

The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is a serious threat to public health worldwide and, to date, no effective treatment is available. Thus, we herein review the pharmaceutical approaches to SARS-CoV-2 infection treatment. Numerous candidate medicines that can prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication have been proposed. These medicines include inhibitors of serine protease TMPRSS2 and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The S protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the receptor in host cells. ACE2 inhibitors block TMPRSS2 and S protein priming, thus preventing SARS-CoV-2 entry to host cells. Moreover, antiviral medicines (including the nucleotide analogue remdesivir, the HIV protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir, and wide-spectrum antiviral antibiotics arbidol and favipiravir) have been shown to reduce the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 as well as morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19.

Background:The pyrazolines give the reactions of aliphatic derivatives, resembling unsaturated compounds in their behavior towards permanganate and nascent hydrogen. This nucleus has been associated with various biological activities including inflammatory. Thiazolinone is a heterocyclic compound that contains both sulfur and nitrogen atom with a carbonyl group in their structure.Thiazolinone and their derivatives have attracted continuing interest because of their various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-proliferative, antiviral, anticonvulsant etc. The aim of the research was to club pyrazoline nucleus with thiazolinone in order to have significantanti-inflammatory activity. The synthesized compounds were chemically characterized for the establishment of their chemical structures and to evaluate as anti-inflammatory agent. Method:In the present work, eight derivatives of substituted pyrazoline (PT1-PT8) were synthesized by a three step reaction.The compounds were subjected to spectral analysis by Infrared, Mass and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and elemental analysis data. All the synthesized were evaluated for their in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their affinity towards target COX-1 and COX-2, using indomethacin as the reference compound molecular docking visualization through AutoDock Vina. Results: Compounds PT-1, PT-3, PT-4 and PT-8 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity at 3rd hour being 50.7%, 54.3%, 52.3% and 57% respectively closer to that of the standard drug indomethacin (61.9%).From selected anti-inflammatory targets, the synthesized derivatives exhibited better interaction with COX-1 and COX-2 receptor, where indomethacin showed docking score of -6.5 kJ/mol, compound PT-1 exhibited highest docking score of -9.1 kJ/mol for COX-1 and compound PT-8 having docking score of 9.4 kJ/mol for COX-2. Conclusion: It was concluded that synthesized derivatives have more interaction with COX-2 receptors in comparison to the COX-1 receptors because the docking score with COX-2 receptors were very good. It is concluded that the synthesized derivatives (PT-1 to PT-8) are potent COX-2 inhibitors.

The rapidly enlarging COVID-19 pandemic caused by novel SARS-coronavirus 2 is a globalpublic health emergency of unprecedented level. Therefore the need of a drug or vaccine thatcounter SARS-CoV-2 is an utmost requirement at this time. Upon infection the ssRNA genomeof SARS-CoV-2 is translated into large polyprotein which further processed into differentnonstructural proteins to form viral replication complex by virtue of virus specific proteases:main protease (3-CL protease) and papain protease. This indispensable function of main proteasein virus replication makes this enzyme a promising target for the development of inhibitors andpotential treatment therapy for novel coronavirus infection. The recently concluded α-ketoamideligand bound X-ray crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro (PDB ID: 6Y2F) from Zhang et al.has revealed the potential inhibitor binding mechanism and the determinants responsible forinvolved molecular interactions. Here, we have carried out a virtual screening and moleculardocking study of FDA approved drugs primarily targeted for other viral infections, to investigatetheir binding affinity in Mpro active site. Virtual screening has identified a number of antiviraldrugs, top ten of which on the basis of their bending energy score are further examined through molecular docking with Mpro. Docking studies revealed that drug Lopinavir-Ritonavir, Tipranavirand Raltegravir among others binds in the active site of the protease with similar or higheraffinity than the crystal bound inhibitor α-ketoamide. However, the in-vitro efficacies of the drugmolecules tested in this study, further needs to be corroborated by carrying out biochemical andstructural investigation. Moreover, this study advances the potential use of existing drugs to beinvestigated and used to contain the rapidly expanding SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Twenty one chalcone derivatives were synthesized using Claisen-Schmidt condensation, their antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum was determined and quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) was developed. Condensation of substituted acetophenones with various aromatic aldehydes at room temperature gave chalcones in 75–96% yield. Chalcones are secondary metabolites of terrestrial plants, precursors for the biosynthesis of flavonoids and exhibit various biological activities. Antiplasmodial IC₅₀ (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) activity of a compound against malaria parasites in vitro provides a good first screen for identifying the antimalarial potential of the compound. The most active compound was Trans-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-(2’-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one (1b) with IC₅₀ of 2.1 µM/L. Molecular mechanism was explored through in silico docking & ADMET studies for the active compounds.

Prostate cancer is fourth most abundant cancer type around the globe. Brevifoliol, a rearranged taxoid from Taxus walllichiana needles has been derivatized as C5 esters using Steglich esterification reaction. Seventeen diverse analogues were evaluated against a panel of human cancer cell lines by MTT assay. Among these, two of the semi‐synthetic analogues, that is, 13 and 16 exhibited potent cytotoxicity, selectively against PC‐3, prostate cancer cell lines. In cell cycle analysis, analogue 13 induced S and G2/M phase arrest and induced apoptosis by activating caspase‐3. Compound 13 showed moderate efficacy in in‐vivo Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in Swiss albino mice. Further, compound 13 was found to be safe in Swiss albino mice up to 1,000 mg/kg dose in acute oral toxicity. Brevifoliol ester 13 may further be optimized for better efficacy.