Raghad Dhyea Abdul Jalill

Phytotherapy has been used to treat a different type of diseases including cancer for a long time, and it was a source for different active anti-tumor agents. Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (AMHA1) are very promising anti-tumor therapy. Nevertheless, NDV-based monotherapeutics have not been very useful to some resistant tumors. Thus, the efficiency of oncolytic NDV must enhance by combining NDV with other novel therapies. The current study aimed to determine the possibility of improving the oncolytic effect induced by NDV through Rheum ribes rhizomes extract administration in vitro and in vivo. Methods, the in vitro study include exposure of the crude extract of Rheum ribes alone or NDV alone or combination of both agents for 72 h. The cancer cells tested were murine mammary adenocarcinoma AMN3, Human Rhabdomyosarcoma RD, and Human Glioblastoma AMGM5, and using rat embryo fibroblast REF as normal control cells. MTT cell viability assay was used and analyzed for possible synergism using the Chou–Talalay analysis method. In vivo experiment included study the combination and the monotherapeutic modalities in the transplanted murine mammary adenocarcinoma AM3 line and tumor sections analyzed by histopathology. Results, Combination therapy of NDV–R. ribes showed enhanced oncolytic activity on cancer cells. With no cytotoxicity on normal cells. In vivo study showed that monotherapeutic modalities had lower growth inhibitory effect on transplanted tumors in mice in compare to combination therapy. Histopathological examination revealed the broader area of necrosis in tumors treated by combination therapy. In conclusion, the novel combination recommended for clinical application for cancer therapy.

Different chemo‐physical methods are used to synthesise titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO ₂ NPs), which are often expensive, unfriendly to the environment, toxic, not biocompatible, with a small yield. To resolve these problems, the researchers use green procedures to synthesise TiO ₂ ‐NPs by plant extracts of Capsicum annum L. and Allium cepa (onion) and characterise using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, ultraviolet (UV)–visible (Vis) spectra and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that most NPs synthesised by the first and second procedures of onion had an average diameter of 95.7 and 89.1 nm, while NPs synthesised by C. annum had an average diameter of 103.60 and 90.07 nm, respectively. In UV–Vis spectra, strong absorption was below 470 nm, and energy gap was 3.3 eV in each of the first procedure of A. cepa and the second procedure of C. annum compared with 270 nm, 6.3 eV for each of the second procedure of A. cepa and the first procedure of C. annum . The antimicrobial activities of NPs were evaluated and an attempt was made to enhance these activities by Eugenia caryophyllata plant's oil in combination therapies. There were synergistic effects between NPs and plant's oil.

Oil seeds of Citrullus colocynthis were used in traditional medicine to treat many diseases including diabetes, bowel complaints and epilepsy. In this study, the oil seeds of C. colocynthis were investigated for chemical composition using gas chromatography-mass spectrum analysis (GC-MS) and studied their toxicity on cancer cell line. Seventy-three various compounds were identified in oil of C. colocynthis ranged from 0.01% to 42.80%. The three largest components were 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-(43.02%), 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, hexadecyl ester (22.64%) and l-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2, 6-dihexadecanoate (9.21%). All concentrations of crude oil of C. colocynthis had showed high reductions to glioblastomamultiforme cell culture (AMGM) cancer cell line. Maximum inhibitory rate was 69.5% by 25% dilution with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 36%. This reduction was much less than the reductions on mouse epithelial cell line (L₂₀B). The inhibitory rate of dilutions, 0.0001–100%, were between 48.8% and 59.7% with IC₅₀ 0.322%. The oil seeds of C. colocynthis may be used as a promise therapy for cancer treatments.

The seeds of Juniperus polycarpos and Oak Gall (distortion of leave buds of Quercus infectoria)were investigated for chemical composition by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrum (GC-MS)and studied their anticancer activity. Sixty-five different compounds recognized in crudefruits extract of J.polycarpos. The major three components were: 2(10)-Pinene, (1S, 5S)-(−)-(17.78%), 2-Hexanol, 2-methyl-(21.14%) and 2, 4-Decadienal (8.72%). They were presence of thirty-four compounds in the crud extract of Oak Gall. The highest strong peak area (69.4%) was obtained by 2-Hexanol, 2-methyl-fallowed by 2, 4-Decadienal (6.79%) and Eucalyptol (5.17%). There are some similar compounds in these plants. 2-Octenal, (E)-; 2, 4-Decadienal and Hexanoic acid is exactly the same compounds found in alcohol extracts of J.polycarpos and Oak Gall. Moreover, 2-Heptenal, (Z)-; 2-Hexanol, 2-methyl-; Copaene; 2-Decenal, (Z)-;.alpha.-Terpieol and 2, 4-Decadienal, (E, E)were found in J.polycarpos and in Oak Galls All of concentrations of crud plant extracts of J.polycarpos and Oak Gall had high reductions to mice mammary carcinoma cell line 2003 AMN3 cancer cell line, their half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) 2 microgram per milliliterand 0.2 milligram per milliliter respectively. Less reductions found on recombinant mouse epithelial cell line (L₂₀B) cell line. IC₅₀ of J. polycarposwere: 0.2 mg/ml.