Alejandra Rossi

Background: Neuropsychological Rehabilitation has traditionally relied on models that conceptualize cognition primarily as a property of the individual brain. However, many established rehabilitation practices extend beyond the individual, involving cognitive artifacts (e.g., tools), modifications of the physical environment, and the coordinated contribution of other people. This creates a potential mismatch between how cognition is theoretically conceptualized and how rehabilitation is practiced. Objective: In this conceptual article, we examine how Extended and Distributed Cognition may help address this discrepancy. Drawing on the historical work of Kurt Goldstein, contemporary cognitive science, and evidence-based rehabilitation practice, we distinguish Extended Cognition , which emphasizes how external resources can become integrated into an individual's cognitive processes, from Distributed Cognition , which examines how cognitive activity is organized across people, artifacts, and environments. Implications: We argue that these perspectives broaden both the unit of analysis and the potential targets of rehabilitation: intervention may involve not only changing cognitive processes within the individual, but also introducing or reorganizing cognitive artifacts, modifying environments, and changing how other people interact with the person. Established practices including external compensatory strategies, communication partner training, environmental modification, and the coordinated organization of rehabilitation teams illustrate the clinical relevance of this perspective. Conclusion: Extended and Distributed Cognition may therefore provide a complementary theoretical framework for understanding how cognition is supported and reorganized in everyday life after brain injury, helping to bridge the persistent gap between neuropsychological mechanisms and everyday functioning.

By rewarding speed, volume, and coherent positive narratives, traditional publishing incentivizes questionable scientific practices and analytic flexibility. The latter especially contributes to blurring the distinction between exploration and confirmation, which inflates the apparent strength of confirmatory claims. This systemic issue has gone unchecked for decades, leaving the scientific community with a body of scholarly literature that is unreliable and lacking validity. Registered Reports (RRs) address problematic publishing practices by requiring a priori registration of confirmatory tests, which is peer-reviewed before the research begins (stage 1). The editorial acceptance of a stage 1 plan establishes a commitment to publication regardless of research outcomes. Publication remains, nonetheless, contingent on a second peer review and editorial scrutiny (stage 2) to verify that the approved plan was followed, all deviations were transparently disclosed and justified, confirmatory and exploratory claims are clearly delineated, and the integrity of the design was maintained. Meta-scientific comparisons indicate that RRs reduce outcome-based publication bias and improve methodological rigor without compromising perceived novelty. By making accepted RR protocols and their review history citable research outputs, RRs also strengthen recognition for peer-review work. In this perspective, we argue that RRs should become the primary mode of confirmatory publication moving forward.

Objective: To test whether relational context under minimal co-presence (i.e., being alone versus co-present with a friend or an unfamiliar (non-threatening) stranger) modulates stimulus-locked EEG/ERP dynamics during apparent gaze-motion perception.Methods: Fifty healthy adults completed a classic apparent-motion gaze task across three counterbalanced sessions (i.e., Alone, Friend, Stranger) with minimal interactivity. Using identical stimuli, participants performed two instruction framings: self-referential (i.e., toward-me vs away-from-me) and spatial (i.e., left vs right). ERPs time-locked to gaze-motion change were analyzed using mass-univariate TFCE within a non-parametric permutation framework (3×2 repeated-measures design). Behavior was analyzed at the trial level using mixed-effects models (LMM on logRT for correct trials; binomial-logit GLMM for accuracy) with maximal convergent random-effects structure.Results: Relational context produced robust posterior ERP modulations that were characterized by reduced amplitudes in the Friend condition relative to Stranger and Alone. No reliable ERP effects of instruction framing and no reliable interaction were observed. In behavior, instruction framing was associated with higher accuracy and slower responses in the spatial condition relative to the self-referential condition. Relational context and the interaction were not reliable in either model.Conclusions: Even with minimal interactivity and identical stimulus input, who is co-present modulates posterior stimulus-locked ERP dynamics during gaze-motion perception, whereas overt performance primarily reflects instruction framing.Significance: These findings provide an exploratory psychophysiological characterization showing that minimal co-presence is not a neutral baseline for ERPs and should be modeled explicitly in EEG paradigms where social context varies across sessions.

Traditional human neuroscience solely relies on controlled laboratory paradigms, which, while useful, fail to capture the situatedness, sociality, complexity, and richness of real-world interactions. Hence, understanding how the human brain processes social interactions across varying contexts is essential for advancing human neuroscience. The present study investigated the dynamics of µ (8–13 Hz) and β (13–30 Hz) EEG rhythms, neural markers of sensorimotor and cognitive engagement, across a four-tier scalable experimental design. Participants engaged in tasks ranging from simple hand-gesture observation (Experiment 1) to real-world Rock-Paper-Scissors (RPS) gameplay under naturalistic hyperscanning conditions (Experiment 4). Experiments 2 and 3 were physically the same as Experiment 1, but participants played against a simulated artificial intelligence (AI) and a simulated human.As expected, gameplay against simulated opponents elicited robust µ and β event-related desynchronization (ERD), reflecting heightened sensorimotor resonance and cognitive control. In contrast, real-world RPS gameplay between human dyads revealed attenuated µ and β ERD, coupled with enhanced γ synchronization. We interpret these findings as a redistribution of neural resources in naturalistic settings, emphasizing distributed and adaptive processing over localized responses. The present work provides novel insights into the brain's adaptive mechanisms during real-world social interactions and highlights the importance of contextual complexity in shaping neural dynamics.

The conventional medical paradigm often focuses on deficits and impairments, failing to capture the rich tapestry of experiences and abilities inherent in neurodiversity conditions. In this article, we introduce the 3E‐Cognition perspective, offering a paradigm shift by emphasizing the dynamic interplay between the brain, body, and environment in shaping cognitive processes. The perspective fosters a more inclusive and supportive understanding of neurodiversity, with potential applications across various domains such as education, workplace, and healthcare. We begin by introducing the 3E‐Cognition principles: embodied, environmentally scaffolded, and enactive. Then, we explore how the 3E‐Cognition perspective can be applied to create inclusive environments and experiences for neurodiverse individuals. We provide examples in the realms of education, workplace, and healthcare. In all of these domains, spaces, methodologies, epistemologies, and roles that cater to diverse needs and strengths can be designed using the 3E principles. Finally, we discuss the challenges and benefits of implementing the 3E‐Cognition perspective. We focus on the need for technological advancements and research in complex real‐world scenarios; we suggest mobile brain/body imaging is a possible solution. We furthermore highlight the importance of recognizing and valuing the diverse manners of experiencing and interacting with the world, the promotion of diverse well‐being, and the facilitation of innovation and creativity. Thus, we conclude that the 3E‐Cognition perspective offers a groundbreaking approach to understanding and supporting neurodiversity: by embracing the inherent interconnectedness of the brain, body, and environment, we can create a more inclusive and supportive world.

This study presents the cultural adaptation of the Mentalization-Based Treatment (MBT) Lighthouse Parenting Programme for child maltreatment prevention in Chile. The original program, developed in the UK, was systematically modified to align with the Chilean context, incorporating stakeholder recommendations and expert panel consultations. This process entailed adapting intervention materials, addressing community distrust, motivating interveners, adjusting module names for varying literacy levels, and tackling high-precarity material challenges. The study involved semi-structured interviews with ten stakeholders and a survey distributed to a 20-member expert panel. Thematic analysis identified key themes for cultural relevance and effectiveness, leading to modifications using the Ecological Validity Model. The adapted program aims to enhance parents' understanding of their and their children's emotions, fostering a secure parent-child relationship. The study's findings have broader implications for psychosocial interventions globally, emphasizing the importance of cultural sensitivity and adaptability.

Traditional neurodiversity views often focus on deficits and impairments, failing to capture the rich tapestry of experiences and abilities inherent in these conditions. In this article, we introduce the 3E-Cognition perspective, offering a paradigm shift by emphasizing the dynamic interplay between the brain, body, and environment in shaping cognitive processes. The perspective fosters a more inclusive and supportive understanding of neurodiversity, with potential applications across various domains. We begin by introducing the 3E-Cognition principles: Embodied, Environmentally Scaffolded, and Enactive. Then, we explore how the 3E-Cognition perspective can be applied to create inclusive environments and experiences for neurodiverse individuals. We provide examples in the realms of Education, Workplace, and Healthcare. In all of these domains, spaces, methodologies, epistemologies, and roles that cater to diverse needs and strengths can be designed using the 3E principles.Finally, we discuss the challenges and benefits of implementing the 3E-Cognition perspective. We focus on the need for technological advancements and research in complex real-world scenarios, we suggest Mobile Brain/Body Imaging is a possible solution. We furthermore highlight the importance of recognizing and valuing the diverse manners of experiencing and interacting with the world, the promotion of diverse well-being, and the facilitation of innovation and creativity. Thus, we conclude that the 3E-Cognition perspective offers a groundbreaking approach to understanding and supporting neurodiversity: by embracing the inherent interconnectedness of the brain, body, and environment we can create a more inclusive and supportive world.

The HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to be a significant global public health crisis. The main HIV/AIDS treatment is the antiretroviral therapy (ART), which is highly effective but depends on the patient’s adherence to be successful. However, the adherence to antiretroviral therapy remains unsatisfactory across different populations, which raises considerable difficulties at both individual and collective levels. Suboptimal adherence to ART can be overcome through multidisciplinary management that includes evidence-based psychosocial interventions. Existing reviews on these interventions have focused mainly on studies with experimental designs, overlooking valuable interventions whose evidence comes from different study designs. Here, we aimed to carry out a comprehensive review of the current research on psychosocial interventions for ART adherence and their characteristics including studies with different designs. We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. We searched five databases (Pubmed, EBSCO, LILACS, WoS and SCIELO) for articles reporting a psychosocial intervention to improve treatment adherence for people living with HIV (adults). The quality of each study was analyzed with standardized tools, and data were summarized using a narrative synthesis method. Twenty-three articles were identified for inclusion, and they demonstrated good to fair quality. Individual counseling was the most frequent intervention, followed by SMS reminders, education, and group support. Most interventions combined different strategies and self-efficacy was the most common underlying theoretical framework. This review provides insight into the main characteristics of current psychosocial interventions designed to improve ART treatment adherence. PROSPERO number: CRD42021252449.