Analia Cirqueira Milhomem

Alloxan (ALX) and streptozotocin (STZ) are extensively used to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D) in animal models. This study is aimed at evaluating the differences in immune parameters caused by ALX and STZ. T1D was induced either with ALX or with STZ, and the animals were followed for up to 180 days. Both ALX and STZ induced a decrease in the total number of circulating leukocytes and lymphocytes, with an increase in granulocytes when compared to control mice (CT). STZ‐treated mice also exhibited an increase in neutrophils and a reduction in the lymphocyte percentage in the bone marrow. In addition, while the STZ‐treated group showed a decrease in total CD3⁺, CD4^-CD8⁺, and CD4⁺CD8⁺ T lymphocytes in the thymus and CD19⁺ B lymphocytes in the pancreas and spleen, the ALX group showed an increase in CD4^-CD8⁺ and CD19⁺ only in the thymus. Basal levels of splenic interleukin‐ (IL‐) 1β and pancreatic IL‐6 in the STZ group were decreased. Both diabetic groups showed atrophy of the thymic medulla and degeneration of pancreatic islets of Langerhans composed of inflammatory infiltration and hyperemia with vasodilation. ALX‐treated mice showed a decrease in reticuloendothelial cells, enhanced lymphocyte/thymocyte cell death, and increased number of Hassall’s corpuscles. Reduced in vitro activation of splenic lymphocytes was found in the STZ‐treated group. Furthermore, mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) showed a more intense antigen‐specific paw edema response in the STZ‐treated group, while production of anti‐OVA IgG1 antibodies was similar in both groups. Thereby, important changes in immune cell parameters in vivo and in vitro were found at an early stage of T1D in the STZ‐treated group, whereas alterations in the ALX‐treated group were mostly found in the chronic phase of T1D, including increased mortality rates. These findings suggest that the effects of ALX and STZ influenced, at different times, lymphoid organs and their cell populations.

The cysticerci promote an influx of inflammatory cells that vary according to the encephalic location of the parasite and to the time of infection starting from the moment they penetrate into the central nervous system. When it reaches the ventricles, an obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid may occur leading to hydrocephaly, intracranial hypertension, ventricular dilatation, headache, inflammatory reactions, epilepsy, cerebral vascular accident, and radicular compression, presenting or not fibrosis^4,5,6.

Summary: Background: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a dermatologic filler commonly used in esthetic procedures. However, it can also be used in more severe cases such as reconstruction of facial traumas.Aims: The aim of this report was to describe the use of PMMA in a nasal reconstruction of a patient victim of an automobilist accident which presented previous rejection of autograft.Patient: A young female patient, 26 y, victim of automobilist accident, with no bone support due to trauma both in the mandibulum and maxilla, presented fracture of several facial bones. Presented rejection of a bone autograft from the skullcap implanted on the nose. In order to harmonize the facial aspect, a nasal fill with PMMA for the anatomic reconstruction of the nose was performed.Results and conclusions: PMMA promoted the recovery of facial and nasal esthetic characteristics of the patient ensuring a satisfactory result.