Yixian Zhang

Accurate module-temperature estimation supports assessment of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems, but minute-scale meteorological fluctuations and thermal memory challenge steady-state models. This study used 44,638 synchronized one-minute records from a rooftop PV platform in Chongqing, China, during August 2025. The representative backsheet temperature was the arithmetic mean of five simultaneously valid sensors. Physical, static XGBoost, and thermal-history-aware XGBoost models were compared. Lagged values, strictly prior rolling means, and increments were constructed uniformly for four meteorological variables at 5, 10, and 20 min windows. Three expanding-time validation folds and a one-standard-error parsimony rule selected eight features: four current variables and their strictly prior 10 min means. During the retrospective 27–31 August held-out comparison, the dynamic-model MAE was slightly higher than the static-model MAE (1.088 versus 1.081 °C). RMSE decreased from 1.757 to 1.437 °C and P95AE from 3.907 to 3.049 °C. Paired day-level bootstrap intervals supported the observed tail-error reduction more clearly than the RMSE difference within this five-day record. MAE was about 40% lower during severe ambient heat and 45% lower during rapid irradiance decrease but increased at night. Daily peaks were underestimated by 2.574 °C on average; absolute peak-timing error had a mean of 26.8 min and a median of 1 min. The findings support site-specific thermal-history features for estimating the monitored-point mean, not a universal thermal timescale or uncalibrated safety-related peak thresholding. Prior inspection of the comparison dates, limited temporal coverage, and absent external validation restrict transferability.

Respiratory infectious diseases pose substantial transmission risks in enclosed public-transport environments. Under a defined fully seated reference scenario, this study examines whether the same HVAC supply parameter governs two respiratory-particle control objectives in a subway carriage: whole-carriage particle removal and local seated breathing-zone exposure. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, single-factor analyses, an L16 orthogonal design, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and grey relational analysis (GRA) were used to evaluate supply velocity, temperature, and angle. The results reveal an objective-dependent control hierarchy. Supply velocity is the leading factor for whole-carriage removal (contribution rate, 40.14%; p = 0.047), whereas supply angle contributes most to the seated breathing-zone particle proportion (59.30%), although the corresponding ANOVA result does not reach statistical significance at the 0.05 level (p = 0.056). The two single-objective optima share the same velocity and angle but differ in temperature, indicating a partial rather than complete mismatch. GRA identifies 2.0 m/s, 24 °C, and 0° as the best compromise among the investigated cases. This combination is specific to the modeled carriage, passenger arrangement, source location, and operating conditions. The more generalizable finding is that global clearance and local breathing-zone exposure are governed by different control variables.

Energy conservation and carbon reduction in the building sector are critical to addressing climate change. This paper presents a building-oriented critical review of wind-driven triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), aiming to clarify their research maturity, realistic functional roles, and key limitations in the built environment. Bibliometric analysis reveals a rapid growth of TENG-related studies, with research activity concentrated in East Asia and North America, while work directly connected to architectural applications remains limited. Keyword evolution indicates a shift from fundamental energy-conversion mechanisms toward device optimization and sensing-oriented functions. Based on a structured review, two representative device categories—rotational systems and flutter-based designs—are examined with respect to their operating characteristics and suitability for low-wind building conditions. Reported building-related applications are currently focused on hybrid rooftop harvesting concepts and self-powered sensing components integrated into building systems, particularly for environmental monitoring. However, most demonstrations remain at a laboratory or prototype level, and their architectural integration is constrained by issues including low power output, durability, environmental adaptability, and system-level compatibility. Rather than positioning wind-driven TENGs as near-term power sources for buildings, this review highlights their more realistic short-term potential as supplementary micro-energy units and self-powered sensors, while emphasizing the technical and architectural challenges that must be addressed before broader building adoption can be achieved.

Amidst the ongoing global energy crisis, environmental deterioration, and the exacerbation of climate change, the development of renewable energy, particularly solar energy, has become a central topic in the global energy transition. This study investigates a solar photovoltaic thermal (PVT) heat pump system that utilizes an expanded honeycomb-channel PVT module to enhance the comprehensive utilization efficiency of solar energy. A simulation platform for the solar PVT heat pump system was established using Aspen Plus software (V12), and the system’s performance impact mechanisms and engineering applications were researched. The results indicate that solar irradiance and the circulating water temperature within the PVT module are the primary factors affecting system performance: for every 100 W/m² increase in solar irradiance, the coefficient of performance for heating (COP_h) increases by 13.7%, the thermoelectric comprehensive performance coefficient (COP_co) increases by 14.9%, and the electrical efficiency of the PVT array decreases by 0.05%; for every 1 °C increase in circulating water temperature, the COP_h and COP_co increase by 11.8% and 12.3%, respectively, and the electrical efficiency of the PVT array decreases by 0.03%. In practical application, the system achieves an annual heating capacity of 24,000 GJ and electricity generation of 1.1 million kWh, with average annual COP_h and COP_co values of 5.30 and 7.60, respectively. The Life Cycle Cost (LCC) is 13.2% lower than that of the air-source heat pump system, the dynamic investment payback period is 4–6 years, and the annual carbon emissions are reduced by 94.6%, demonstrating significant economic and environmental benefits. This research provides an effective solution for the efficient and comprehensive utilization of solar energy, utilizing the low-global-warming-potential refrigerant R290, and is particularly suitable for combined heat and power applications in regions with high solar irradiance.

热带气旋（ “飓风”或“台风”）是全球最具破坏性的自然灾害之一，每年导致数百人死亡，并造成数百亿元人民币的经济损失。现有数据表明，全球气候变化使得热带气旋的移速减缓，但由热带气旋引发的降雨量与移速呈现反比关系；此外，虽然全球热带气旋总数呈下降趋势，但4～5级飓风（即超强台风）活动频率整体上升。2017年大西洋飓风季造成美国1 250亿美元的经济损失；2025年美国德克萨斯州飓风引发强降雨，导致逾130人丧生。海南地处台风生成及移动的核心路径，是中国受台风影响最频繁的地区之一。2014年超强台风“威马逊”登陆文昌市，成为有气象记录以来登陆中国的最强台风（登陆强度70 m·s⁻¹），海南岛因灾死亡或失踪24人，直接经济损失达110亿元人民币。2024年，超强台风“摩羯”以仅次于超强台风“威马逊”的强度（登陆强度62 m·s⁻¹），同样登陆文昌市，其破坏力却远超超强台风“威马逊”，造成海南岛死亡4人，直接经济损失超600亿元人民币。 超强台风“摩羯”（国际编号：2411）于2024年9月1日在菲律宾以东洋面生成，6日在文昌市翁田镇沿海登陆（中心最低气压915 hPa），后穿过海口市和澄迈县等地移入琼州海峡，随后移入北部湾海面。海南岛12级及以上风圈覆盖区域受影响超9 h，远超2014年超强台风“威马逊”的3 h，文昌测得的最低气压和最强风速均突破中国所有台风过程陆地实测值。4～8日，海南岛普降暴雨到大暴雨，最大降水量为乐东县尖峰镇691.2 mm，文昌市降水量突破当地历史9月的日最大降雨量极值。海口市转移群众超过10万人，倒塌房屋约400间，房屋损坏超过3万间，农作物受灾面积达570 km²，直接经济损失超过26亿元人民币；文昌市房屋受损达2.5万余间，农作物受灾面积约180 km²，绝收面积高达110 km²，经济损失约达327亿元。近年来海南省通过修订工程建设与设施设备使用规范，并完善灾前应急预案，显著提升了台风防御能力，使得人员伤亡数量明显下降。但随着沿海地区人口与经济持续增长，超强台风所带来的风险不断攀升，造成的经济损失也愈发难以承受。 在世界范围内，从气象角度的热带气旋生成发展基础理论及预报研究已成体系，相关研究成果在降低热带气旋灾害上发挥了重要作用，但超强台风登陆的偶发性和区域差异显著等特征，使得其强大动力对地表影响研究相对匮乏，尚缺乏充分的数据和经验来系统揭示其致灾规律，对于其适应性及防灾减灾策略还未形成成熟的解决方案。作为重大灾害评估及科学研究的基本手段，系统的现场调研至关重要。超强台风“摩羯”过境海南岛后，海南大学土木建筑工程学院组织近百名师生，成立多学科交叉的台风灾害调研团队，赴受灾区域开展实地调研工作，主体调研历时十余日。调研范围覆盖超强台风“摩羯”10～17级风圈区域，以受灾明显的9类建构筑物（建筑围护结构、高层建筑、高耸结构/钢结构、临时建筑、农业温室建筑、道路基础设施、光伏结构、电力通信设施和风力发电系统）以及海岸侵蚀和树木倒伏状况为调研对象，涉及调研单体（场地）超1 000个（处）。调研采用“空−天−地”多源数据采集方法，通过实地走访了解建构筑物背景信息，记录结构损伤形态与程度，结合手持激光测距仪和加速度传感器等设备量化破坏参数；利用卫星遥感与无人机航拍数据分析海岸侵蚀及树木倒伏情况；采用问卷调查与主观感知量化高层建筑风致振动舒适度。数据处理上，依据功能和区位分布等特征对调研对象进行分类，并对灾害损失情况进行等级划分，从而总结灾害损伤规律，同时选取典型单体对象，深入分析灾损成因。调研工作得到了海南省气象局、海南省住房和城乡建设厅、海南省交通运输厅、海南省应急管理厅、海南省自然资源和规划厅等单位的支持和指导。临高县东英镇人民政府、定安县水冲坡村、耕读山房和美鳌村村委会等单位在实地考察和信息收集方面提供了大量帮助。海南信义矿业有限公司、海南浙联钢构集团有限公司、海南海控中能建工程有限公司、文昌鲁能希尔顿酒店、海南智普农业科技发展有限公司和海南雅邦集成房屋有限公司等企业也给予了积极配合与支持。 调研结果显示，海口市和文昌市多处气象站录得的风压超建筑设计荷载标准，部分地区因地形效应出现风速增强现象，如海口湾附近高层建筑群因狭管效应导致局地风速增幅达20%～30%，迎风面建筑围护结构承受的动态风压峰值超过5 kPa（超出常规建筑设计荷载标准近50%）；现有建筑围护结构、临时建筑、电力设施和农业温室建筑抗超强台风能力不足，针对台风灾害易损区域，亟需修订相关建设规范；文昌市砂质海岸线整体呈现米级后退，需高度重视并制定长期保护方案；强降雨和树木倒伏等次生灾害严重影响公路和城市道路使用寿命，需结合排水系统和行道树设计等提高韧性；树木倒伏状况与其种类、所处地理位置及周边建筑环境都有直接关系，合理的空间布局能降低灾害损失。超强台风“摩羯”的防灾救灾工作再一次证明，通讯、交通和水电的保障是应急处置的核心，对于降低灾害损失、减少人员伤亡具有关键作用，要加强相关标准建设以及新防灾减灾技术的应用。超强台风的作用区域及破坏程度与其所处的地理位置、地形和土地利用等因素直接关联，具有显著地域性。鉴于有记录以来登陆中国的2次最强台风均在文昌市登陆，并给海南岛造成了巨大的经济损失，建议在海南岛成立台风防灾减灾研究中心，系统研究海南岛台风灾害发生规律、防灾避灾减灾与灾后恢复重建等方面的创新技术、法律法规及政策措施，开展国际交流与合作，服务政府科学决策。

This study proposes a Transformer–NSGA-III multi-objective optimization framework for high-rise residential buildings in Haikou, a coastal city characterized by a hot summer and warm winter climate. The framework addresses four conflicting objectives: Annual Energy Demand (AED), Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD), Global Cost (GC), and Life Cycle Carbon (LCC) emissions. A localized database of 11 design variables was constructed by incorporating envelope parameters and climate data from 79 surveyed buildings. A total of 5000 training samples were generated through EnergyPlus simulations, employing jEPlus and Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS). A Transformer model was employed as a surrogate predictor, leveraging its self-attention mechanism to capture complex, long-range dependencies and achieving superior predictive accuracy (R² ≥ 0.998, MAPE ≤ 0.26%) over the benchmark CNN and MLP models. The NSGA-III algorithm subsequently conducted a global optimization of the four-objective space, with the Pareto-optimal solution identified using the TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making method. The optimization resulted in significant reductions of 28.5% in the AED, 24.1% in the PPD, 20.6% in the GC, and 18.0% in the LCC compared to the base case. The synergistic control of the window solar heat gain coefficient and external sunshade length was identified as the central strategy for simultaneously reducing energy consumption, thermal discomfort, cost, and carbon emissions in this hot and humid climate. The TOPSIS-optimal solution (C = 0.647) effectively balanced low energy use, high thermal comfort, low cost, and low carbon emissions. By integrating the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) Global Cost methodology with Life Cycle Carbon accounting, this study provides a robust framework for dynamic economic–environmental trade-off analyses of ultra-low-energy buildings in humid regions. The work advances the synergy between the NSGA-III and Transformer models for high-dimensional building performance optimization.

The high summer temperatures of PV (photovoltaic) glass curtain walls lead to reduced power generation performance of PV modules and increased indoor temperatures. To address this issue, this study constructed a test platform for planted photovoltaic glass curtain walls to investigate the effect of plants on their power generation performance. The study’s results indicate the following: (1) reducing the average surface temperature of the surface temperature measurement instrument for the photovoltaic glass curtain wall by 13.6 °C can increase its average power generation capacity by 76 w, demonstrating its power generation performance; (2) plant cultivation influences the micro-environmental temperature on the surface temperature of the photovoltaic glass curtain wall, resulting in a decrease in average micro-environmental temperature by 3.2 °C and average surface temperature by 10.1 °C; (3) compared to traditional PV glass curtain walls, the planted PV glass curtain wall increases cumulative PV power generation output by 21.5 kWh over 15 days and average daily power generation output by 1.4 kWh. Furthermore, during sunny weather with high temperatures, the PV power generation output of the planted PV glass curtain wall is significantly enhanced.

This study examines existing buildings in Haikou in China under tropical island climate conditions. It presents three retrofit design models for greenhouses roofs (GHR), green roofs (GR) and photovoltaic roofs (PVR). The carbon cost of each retrofit roof model is calculated in the production and transportation phases of building materials, construction, and demolition. The changes in electricity consumption, water consumption, and plant carbon reduction are coupled to calculate the carbon reduction generated by each phase of the use of the retrofitted roofs. The carbon reduction per unit area for GHR, GR and PVR over the life cycle (20 years) is then comprehensively calculated. The life cycle carbon reduction per unit area is 262.57 kg·m⁻² for GHR, 127.41 kg·m⁻² for GR and 2567.12 kg·m⁻² for PVR. Among the three retrofit methods, PVR has the greatest potential for reducing carbon emissions. The study can as a guide for implementing carbon reduction measures in tropical island areas. Domestic research on rooftop greenhouses also focuses on technology, yield, and energy consumption, mostly for northern regions with cold winters, and less research on rooftop greenhouses applied to regions with hot summers and warm winters. But domestic and foreign studies on the potential of rooftop greenhouses to reduce emissions have not yet been combined with plant cultivation of hydroelectric carbon emissions and plant carbon sequestration.