René Pastor Torrico Bascopé

This paper proposes a new three‐port bidirectional DC–DC converter designed for integration into photovoltaic systems with battery energy storage. The proposed topology features three ports: two for power supply (one powered by batteries and the other by photovoltaic panels) and a third for the load. Due to its bidirectional characteristics, this converter facilitates power flow both from the batteries and/or photovoltaic panels to the load, as well as from the photovoltaic panels to the batteries. The converter operates in open loop, and this paper presents qualitative and quantitative analyses of the converter operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) for two power flow scenarios. Additionally, an illustrative design is detailed for a nominal power of 1.5 kW, a switching frequency of 30 kHz, a battery voltage of 48 V, a photovoltaic panel voltage of 142 V, and a load bus voltage of 250 V. The theoretical analysis is validated through experimental results. Some of the main highlights include operating the inductor at twice the switching frequency, significantly reducing both the inductor's size and the input current ripple. Furthermore, the optimal battery current ripple occurs at a duty cycle close to 50%, where it is practically zero. The converter efficiency was analyzed in all power flow scenarios at various operating points, reaching up to 97.33%. Furthermore, a supplementary video showcasing its functionality is included with this manuscript.

This manuscript offers an in‐depth exploration of electrolysis, focusing on the various types of electrolyzers and providing a detailed analysis of their respective advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, it presents a comprehensive review of DC–DC and AC–DC converters, highlighting their essential roles in green hydrogen production and explaining their functionality and applications in detail. Furthermore, the manuscript examines the diverse power electronic systems used in green hydrogen production, underscoring the crucial importance of converters. The investigation also covers effective strategies for integrating these technologies, with the goal of optimizing the green hydrogen production process. This study aims to significantly advance knowledge in sustainable technologies, emphasizing the pivotal role of power electronics in electrolysis, fostering the generation of renewable energy, and reinforcing the commitment to a greener and more sustainable future.

Electric vehicles (EVs) powered by batteries and other energy storage devices (ESDs), e.g., ultracapacitors, are expected to play an important role in the development of a more sustainable future. In this context, charging stations (CSs) are supposed to become the main sources of energy for charging the batteries, being strongly dependent on power electronic converters. This paper analyzes a bidirectional single-phase, three-level stacked neutral-point-clamped (3L-SNPC) converter for CS applications, which may behave as a rectifier or an inverter depending on the power flow direction. Besides, the derived analysis can be easily extended to the development of a three-phase version. Considering that the CS is capable of integrating the utility grid and renewable energy sources, it is possible to absorb or inject energy into the ac grid with high power factor and reduced harmonic content of the current. The main advantages of the bidirectional topology are the existence of a three-level voltage waveform across each leg and the neutral point, while filtering requirements are reduced when compared with typical two-level structures used in EV CSs; the voltage stresses on all semiconductors are equal to half of the total dc-link voltage; power factor is nearly unity in any operation mode; and the voltages across the dc-link capacitors are balanced. The thorough design of the power and control stages is presented, as well as experimental results from a laboratory prototype are discussed in detail.

This paper presents the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control technique applied to a high gain boost converter based on three-state switching cell (TSSC). In order to control the state variables of the aforementioned converter, which usually are the current through the filter inductor and voltage across the output capacitor, the small signal average state-space model is used, as the mathematical equations are obtained. Due to the complexity of the converter, the physical circuit formed by semiconductors, magnetic elements, capacitors, and resistors, is initially transformed into an equivalent classical boost converter, and then the matrix equations that reproduce the converter's dynamic behavior are determined. After the modeling, with the aim to obtain the optimal control law that minimizes the predefined cost function, the compensator design is performed using MATLAB. The converter control system is validated through simulation using ORCAD and experimentation by developing a 1-kW laboratory prototype.