Ozlem Sogut

Objective: To evaluate the color changes at initial, after demineralization and remineralization stages with different remineralization agents. Materials and Methods: The bovine teeth (n=6) crowns were divided into four equal parts and placed on silicone-indexes. The samples were exposed to demineralization-solution for four days to create artificial initial caries lesions. The samples were assigned as one piece from each tooth in each group. Fluoride (Colgate Sensation White-Colgate Palmolive), hydroxyapatite (HAP) (Kinder Karex-Dr. Wolff) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) (Tooth Mousse-GC) were applied for 3 minutes twice a day for one week for remineralization. The samples were stored in artificial saliva in the control-group. The color was evaluated at initial, demineralization and remineralization stages via a spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade Advance 5.0-Vita Zahnfabrik). ΔE1 (initial-demineralization), ΔE2 (demineralization-remineralization) and ΔE3 (initial-remineralization) were calculated with CIEDE2000 formula. Results: All ΔE values were detectable (ΔE>0.8). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for ΔE1. There was significant difference for the HAP and CPP- ACP group compared to the control for ΔE2 (p

After tattoo application, inks remain in the skin, mostly in the dermal layer, and manufacturers use inks that have not been adequately evaluated for safety in tattoo production. In this study, the metal contents (Cd, Hg, Pb, and Cr) of tattoo inks available in the Turkish market were determined and the relationship between cell viability and inflammatory response of the detected metal levels was investigated. Nine tattoo inks (3 colors) from 3 different brands abbreviated as E, I, and W were examined. ICP-MS was used for element analysis. The viability of human keratinocyte cells was determined by the WST-1 assay following ink exposures at various dilutions. IL-18 levels were measured in cell culture supernatant by ELISA method following ink or metal (Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) exposures. The concentrations of trace elements were found in inks as follows: Cd, 0.0641–1.3857; Hg, 0.0204–0.2675; Pb, 0.8527–6.5981; Cr, 0.1731–45.3962 µg mL⁻¹. It was observed that the levels of Pb and especially Cr in the samples exceeded the limit values. Tattoo inks reduced the cell viability in a dose- and color-dependent manner. IL-18 release was significantly increased in all groups except Cr and black ink of brand I treated cells (p < 0.05). Our results show that the metal contents of tattoo inks exceed Council of Europe Resolution values in some samples and some inks induce immune system activation (IL-18 secretion) and cytotoxic effects. It is thought that these findings may contribute to the toxic/adverse effects of tattoo inks commonly used.

Sağlıklı canlıların metabolizmalarında önemli rolü olan bor, bir mikrobesindir. Borun insan sağlığına olan etkilerini özetlersek; (1) Kemiklerin yapısının korunması, büyümesi ve bakımı için önemlidir; (2) Kalsiyum, magnezyum, fosfor ve D vitamini gibi bazı vücut minerallerinin düzenlenmesinde rol alır; (3) Vücudun östrojen ve testosteron kullanımını etkiler; (4) Anti-inflamatuar etki gösterir ve romatoid artrit ile ilişkilidir; (5) Süperoksid dismutaz, katalaz ve glutatyon peroksidaz gibi antioksidan enzimlerin düzeylerini artırır; (6) Elektriksel beyin aktivitesini, bilişsel performansı ve yaşlılarda kısa-dönem hafızayı geliştirir; (7) Yara iyileştirici ve antimikrobiyal etkileri vardır; (8) Prostat, akciğer, meme kanserleri, beyin tümörleri üzerinde koruyucu ve tedavi edici etkileri olduğu bildirilmiştir. Dünya Sağlık Örgütünce sağlıklı erişkin bir bireyin beslenme ile alabileceği bor miktarı 1-13 mg olarak belirlenmiştir. Çeşitli kuruyemişler, baklagiller, meyve ve sebzeler bor açısından zengindir. Osteoporoz, osteoartrit, meme, prostat, akciğer kanserli veya riski olan, yeterli meyve ve sebze tüketmeyen kişilere bor takviyeli beslenme uygulandığında, bu hastalıklarla ilgili olumlu sonuçlar alındığı bildirilmiştir. Aşırı dozda bor alınması durumunda, erişkinlerde baş ağrısı, kusma, ishal, psikolojik sorunlar; çocuklarda havale ve beyin zarı tahribi yapabileceği rapor edilmiştir. Ancak öldürücü dozu aşmak çok zordur. Bu derleme; borun insan sağlığı üzerindeki belirgin etkilerini ve borun yeni tedavilerde kullanımını kapsayan çalışmaları bir araya getirmeye odaklanmıştır.