Elisheva Leiter

Established in 1990, Israel’s Healthy Cities Network (HCN) performed its first evaluation in 2003–2004. A decade later, the present evaluation was implemented to assess members’ compliance with the European HCN requirements and to determine progress made since the initial evaluation. A total of 31 of the existing 42 HCN members participated in this mixed methods evaluation. Based on the Monitoring, Accountability, Reporting, and Impact assessment framework, the evaluation questionnaire integrated Healthy Cities’ principles and strategies. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to investigate municipality performance as well as associations between indicators and structural or process measures. Matched-paired t-tests were performed to compare HCN member cities’ initial evaluation with the current evaluation. Qualitative analyses explored the processes involved in implementing the Healthy Cities approach. The current evaluation found that Israel’s HCN complies with all European HCN requirements, except for producing a city health profile. Increased coordinators’ time investment, maintaining municipal health steering committee meetings and attending HCN activities were positively associated with better score on all dimensions. There was no significant difference between the two evaluation scores for all HCN cities collectively; however, within city comparisons indicated significant change. Coordinators reported that there was added value in HCN membership and conveyed a need for better network facilities, publicity and improved public relations. This evaluation validates the previous evaluation’s findings and informs decision makers and municipal leaders regarding potential areas to modify or expand, both on the municipality level and the network at large. Established in 1990, Israel’s Healthy Cities Network (HCN) performed its first evaluation in 2003–2004. A decade later, the present evaluation was implemented to assess members’ compliance with the European HCN requirements and to determine progress made since the initial evaluation. A total of 31 of the existing 42 HCN members participated in this evaluation. Based on the Monitoring, Accountability, Reporting, and Impact assessment framework, the evaluation questionnaire integrated Healthy Cities’ principles and strategies, integrating both closed and open-ended questions. The current evaluation found that Israel’s HCN complies with all European HCN requirements, except for producing a city health profile. Increased coordinators’ time investment, maintaining municipal health steering committee meetings and attending HCN activities were positively associated with better performance on dimensions of equity policy and management. There was no significant difference between the two evaluation scores for all HCN cities collectively; however, within city comparisons indicated significant change. Coordinators reported that there was added value in HCN membership and conveyed a need for better network facilities, publicity and improved public relations. This evaluation validates the previous evaluation’s findings and informs decision makers and municipal leaders regarding potential areas to modify or expand, both on the municipality level and the network at large.

Purpose: Cardiovascular disease in women is frequently under-diagnosed and under-treated. Numerous heart centers for women have opened throughout the world to address these disparities; however, there is a paucity of data regarding participants’ perspectives. The current study assesses motivation to participate and perceived benefits in attending a heart center for women (HCW) in Jerusalem, Israel. Methods: This study utilized qualitative methods to assess patients’ motivation and perceived benefits to attending a women’s heart center, particularly as they relate to gender medicine and single-sex staffing. A random sample of 42 clinic patients were asked to participate in interviews. Inclusionary criteria consisted of previous cardiovascular event, active cardiac symptom or three or more cardiovascular disease risk factors. Exclusionary criteria consisted of pregnancy, type 1 diabetes requiring insulin, psychiatric diagnosis that precluded participation, dementia, or other multidisciplinary clinic participation. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative data analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s methodology of thematic analysis. Results: The single-sex and gender medicine aspects did not motivate women to attend the HCW, although some participants perceived this as beneficial in retrospect. Women reported that the clinic visit enhanced their knowledge and awareness of issues related to heart disease in women as well as personal health benefits. They reported benefitting from the holistic approach, consideration of their lifestyle, the staff’s expression of concern, personalized attention, common language, and feeling understood. Conclusion: This study describes the patient experience in an all-female HCW, highlighting their motivation for attendance and perceived benefits. While they did not actively seek women-centered care, women reported educational and care provision benefits to their attendance. The care attributes that women identified as beneficial typify the person-centered approach to care. These findings may inform both the design and evaluation of medical care facilities that aim to address the sex and gender disparities in cardiology as well as other medical specialties.

Palestinian-Arab women are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease due to high prevalence of diabetes and other risk factors. The current study investigates the effectiveness of an intensive group-based intervention on lifestyle habits that can prevent diabetes and cardiovascular disease. To that end, we conducted a group-based intervention based on the diabetes prevention program in two consecutive phases. The first phase consisted of a quasi-experimental study and the second phase included community-wide dissemination, with a 6-month follow-up. Findings from the quasi-experiment indicate increased consumption of fruit, vegetables and whole grains, weight reduction (−2.21 kg, p < 0.01), and a significant increase in the average daily steps in the intervention group (from 4456 to 6404). Findings from the dissemination indicate that average daily vegetables consumption increased from 1.76 to 2.32/day as did physical activity and average daily steps (from 4804 to 5827). There was a significant reduction in blood pressure, total cholesterol and LDL. These gains were sustained over 6 months following the intervention. This community-based, culturally adapted, health-promotion intervention led to improved nutrition and physical activity which were maintained after 6 months. Collaboration with community centers and local community partners created an effective channel for dissemination of the program to pre-clinical individuals.

Women from low socio-economic, culturally insular populations are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The ultra-Orthodox Jewish (UOJ) community in Israel is a rapidly growing low so...

Psychosocial factors such as depression, anxiety, and stress are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Health behaviors may play a role in this relationship, as individuals experiencing elevated levels of anxiety, stress, and/or depression may be less likely to engage in risk-reducing behaviors such as diet and exercise. Some evidence suggests that this relationship is particularly relevant for women. This study explored the relationship between levels of anxiety, depression, stress, and specific nutritional behaviors in a sample of 187 women at cardiovascular risk. BMI was explored as a possible moderator of these relationships. Higher levels of depression in patients with high BMI was associated with increased fruit consumption, whereas this was not seen in highly depressed patients with normal BMI. The reverse pattern was seen for consumption of sweet drinks. Anxiety was found to have a complex relationship with consumption of sweetened drinks and white bread, with higher consumption at moderately elevated levels of anxiety and reduced consumption at the highest levels. Possible interpretations of these findings, as well as their implications for lifestyle interventions with this population are discussed. These findings suggest a number of questions for further research.

Purpose: To describe the development of the first disease prevention intervention with ultra-Orthodox Jewish (UOJ) women in Israel using mixed methods and community-based participatory research (CBPR). Design: This collaborative, 7-staged development process used an exploratory sequential mixed methods design integrated into a community-based participatory approach. Setting: The UOJ community in Israel, a high-risk, low socioeconomic, culturally insular minority that practices strict adherence to religious standards, maintains determined seclusion from mainstream culture and preserves traditional practices including extreme modesty and separation between the sexes. Participants: Women from a targeted UOJ community in Israel with distinct geographic, religious, and cultural parameters. These included 5 key informant interviewees, 5 focus groups with 6 to 8 participants in each, a cluster randomized sample of 239 questionnaire respondents (an 87% response rate), and 11 steering committee participants. Method: Qualitative data were analyzed through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis by 2 researchers. Quantitative data were collected via questionnaire (designed based on qualitative findings) and analyzed utilizing descriptive statistics. Results: Barriers to health behavior engagement and intervention preferences were identified. The final intervention included walking programs, health newsletters, community leader trainings, teacher and student trainings, and health integration into schools. Conclusion: Utilizing mixed methods in CBPR improved cultural tailoring, potentially serving as a model for intervention design in other difficult to access, low socioeconomic, and culturally insular populations.