Serkan Tevabil Aka

Background Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is commonly performed to restore anatomical and functional knee stability. Although altered walking biomechanics have been observed post-ACLR, previous studies have not consistently accounted for the interval between injury and surgery. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine whether walking-related knee biomechanical alterations following ACLR are transient or persist over time, and whether the timing of surgery influences these alterations. Methods Five electronic databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Physiotherapy Evidence Database [PEDro], and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL]) were systematically searched from inception through August 2026. Studies comparing walking biomechanics between patients who underwent ACLR and healthy controls and reporting the interval between anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstructive surgery were included. Biomechanical outcomes during the stance phase of walking were extracted and stratified according to the interval between injury and surgery: short term (0 to < 6 months), mid-term (6 to < 12 months), and long term (≥ 12 months). Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random-effects model. Study quality was assessed using a modified Downs and Black checklist. Results Of the 3522 identified records, 16 studies involving male and female participants aged 18–55 years met the inclusion criteria. The mean methodological quality score was 65%, indicating an overall moderate level of methodological quality. Compared with healthy controls, ACLR participants demonstrated lower peak knee flexion angle (SMD = − 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 0.64 to − 0.02, p = 0.03, I² = 57%), peak knee adduction angle (SMD = − 0.47, 95% CI − 0.92 to − 0.01, p = 0.04, I² = 66%), and peak knee flexion moment (SMD = − 0.64, 95% CI − 1.05 to − 0.23, p = 0.002, I² = 76%). In subgroup analyses, the long-term group (≥ 12 months between injury and surgery) demonstrated lower peak knee flexion angle (SMD = − 0.27, 95% CI − 0.54 to − 0.00, p = 0.05, I² = 8%) and peak knee flexion moment (SMD = − 1.97, 95% CI − 3.77 to − 0.17, p = 0.03, I² = 88%). The short-term group (0 to < 6 months) demonstrated lower peak knee adduction angle (SMD = − 0.79, 95% CI − 1.18 to − 0.40, p < 0.0001, I² = 19%) and peak knee extension moment (SMD = − 0.55, 95% CI − 0.93 to − 0.18, p = 0.004, I² = 50%). Conclusions The interval between anterior cruciate ligament injury and ACLR was associated with differences in postoperative walking biomechanics. Delayed reconstruction (≥ 12 months) is associated with persistent sagittal plane deficits, which may reflect chronic neuromuscular adaptations or preoperative joint degeneration. In contrast, early surgery (within 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament injury) was associated with fewer long-term sagittal-plane deficits, although temporary frontal-plane asymmetries and extension deficits may persist during the early postoperative period and may improve with rehabilitation. These findings underscore the importance of considering the timing of ACLR when planning surgery and postoperative rehabilitation to support walking recovery.

This study aimed to analyze emotional intelligence and mental resistance levels of the national cross country skiing running athletes according to education level and different variables in Turkey in terms of different variables. In the research, general survey model which is one of the survey models was used. Population of the research, i.e. sample of cross country skiing running athletes in Turkey consists of 56 athletes, of which 21 are female, 35 are male, and their average age is 18 years. In determining demographic variables of athletes, personal information form created by the researchers, "Sports Mental Resistance Questionnaire (SMTQ)" to measure mental resistance levels, "Emotional Intelligence Scale for use in Sport (EISS)" to measure emotional intelligence levels, were used. All of the data obtained were analyzed in SPSS 21 package program and significance level of data was taken as p < 0.05. According to the findings obtained from the research, significant relation was determined in favor of female athletes in continuity sub-dimension which is one of mental resistance sub-dimensions according to gender variable, in favor of athletes aged 19 and older in utilizations of emotions sub-dimension which is one of emotional intelligence sub-dimensions according to age variable, in favor of university students in evaluating feelings of others, evaluating feelings of themselves, regulating emotions and utilizations of emotions subdimensions which are emotional intelligence sub-dimensions according to the educational status variable. It was found that there was a significant relation in favor of athletes doing sports for 6 to 8 years when compared to athletes doing sports for 5 years and less according to year of doing sports variable in continuity which is mental resistance sub-dimension and evaluating feelings of themselves which is emotional intelligence sub-dimension. In comparison of emotional intelligence sub-dimension levels of athletes according to recreational activity variable, significant difference is seen relating to the fact that emotional intelligence levels of those listening to music and reading book are lower than those watching movie in evaluating feelings of themselves sub-dimension, emotional intelligence levels of those listening to music are lower than those watching movie in regulating emotions sub-dimension, emotional intelligence levels of those listening to music are lower than those participating in sportive activities and watching movie in social skills sub-dimension. When other sub-dimensions were examined, it was determined that there was no significant difference. Consequently, it was seen that there was a significant difference between national cross country skiing athletes in Turkey according to gender and year of doing sports variables in terms of mental resistance levels; according to age, educational status, year of doing sports and recreational activity variables in terms of emotional intelligence levels.

As in many fields of work, burnout syndrome may also occur in the coaching profession. The aim of this study is to examine the burnout levels of coaches working with physically disabled swimmers in terms of various variables. In the research, single screening method, which is one of the general screening methods, was adopted. While the population of the research consists of the coaches working with physically disabled swimmers in Turkey, its sample consists of 68 trainers who were chosen by the random sampling method among 80 swimming coaches working with the disabled athletes participating in the Physically Disabled Turkey Swimming Championship and National Team auditions held on 23 to 25 January, 2019. Whereas the "Personal Information Form" developed by the researchers was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the Swimming Coaches, the "Professional Burnout" scale developed by Maslach and Jackson (1981) and adapted into Turkish by Ergin (1992) was used to be able to determine their occupational burnout levels. According to the findings obtained, no significant difference was found between the personal accomplishment feelings regarding professional burnout levels, emotional burnout and depersonalization sub scales of coaches working with physically disabled swimmers and the variables of age, coaching level, working year, gender, marital status and whether there is a disabled person in their families or not (P > 0.05). It was concluded that, the professional burnout levels of coaches who work with the physically disabled swimmers in Turkey is high on the feeling of personal accomplishment subscale and moderate on the emotional burnout and depersonalization subscales. Besides, no significant difference was observed between the occupational burnout levels of coaches working with physically disabled swimmers and all their other variables.