Shah Hussain

Efficient optical network management poses significant importance in backhaul and access network communication for preventing service disruptions and ensuring Quality of Service (QoS) satisfaction. The emerging faults in optical networks introduce challenges that can jeopardize the network with a variety of faults. The existing literature witnessed various partial or inadequate solutions. On the other hand, Machine Learning (ML) has revolutionized as a promising technique for fault detection and prevention. Unlike traditional fault management systems, this research has three-fold contributions. First, this research leverages the ML and Deep Learning (DL) multi-classification system and evaluates their accuracy in detecting six distinct fault types, including fiber cut, fiber eavesdropping, splicing, bad connector, bending, and PC connector. Secondly, this paper assesses the classification delay of each classification algorithm. Finally, this work proposes a fiber optics fault prevention algorithm that determines to mitigate the faults accordingly. This work utilized a publicly available fiber optics dataset named OTDR_Data and applied different ML classifiers, such as Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF), and Decision Tree (DT). Moreover, Ensemble Learning (EL) techniques are applied to evaluate the accuracy of various classifiers. In addition, this work evaluated the performance of DL-based Convolutional Neural Network and Long-Short Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) hybrid classifier. The findings reveal that the CNN-LSTM hybrid technique achieved the highest accuracy of 99% with a delay of 360 s. On the other hand, EL techniques improved the accuracy in detecting fiber optic faults. Thus, this research comprehensively assesses accuracy and delay metrics for various classifiers and proposes the most efficient attack detection system in fiber optics.

Achillea millefolium L. is one of the most known medicinal plants with a broad spectrum of applications in the treatment of inflammation, pain, microbial infections and gastrointestinal disorders. In recent years, the extracts from A. millefolium have also been applied in cosmetics with cleansing, moisturizing, shooting, conditioning and skin-lightening properties. The growing demand for naturally derived active substances, worsening environmental pollution and excessive use of natural resources are causing increased interest in the development of alternative methods for the production of plant-based ingredients. In vitro plant cultures are an eco-friendly tool for continuous production of desired plant metabolites, with increasing applicability in cosmetics and dietary supplements. The purpose of the study was to compare phytochemical composition and antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory properties of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts from A. millefolium obtained from field conditions (AmL and AmH extracts) and in vitro cultures (AmIV extracts). In vitro microshoot cultures of A. millefolium were obtained directly from seeds and harvested following 3 weeks of culture. Extracts prepared in water, 50% ethanol and 96% ethanol were compared for the total polyphenolic content, phytochemical content using the ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-hr-qTOF/MS), antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging assay and the influence on the activity of mushroom and murine tyrosinases. The phytochemical content of AmIV extracts was significantly different from AmL and AmH extracts. Most of the polyphenolic compounds identified in AmL and AmH extracts were present in AmIV extracts only in trace amounts and the major constituents presented in AmIV extracts were fatty acids. The total content of polyphenols in AmIV exceeded 0.25 mg GAE/g of dried extract, whereas AmL and AmH extracts contained from 0.46 ± 0.01 to 2.63 ± 0.11 mg GAE/g of dried extract, depending on the solvent used. The low content of polyphenols was most likely responsible for the low antioxidant activity of AmIV extracts (IC₅₀ values in DPPH scavenging assay >400 µg/mL) and the lack of tyrosinase inhibitory properties. AmIV extracts increased the activity of mushroom tyrosinase and tyrosinase present in B16F10 murine melanoma cells, whereas AmL and AmH extracts showed significant inhibitory potential. The presented data indicated that microshoot cultures of A. millefolium require further experimental research before they can be implemented as a valuable raw material for the cosmetics industry.

BACKGROUND: Caragana ambigua has been the part of the dietary routines of the regional people in south‐west Pakistan and has traditionally been used for the treatment of diabetes there. There is an increased production of reactive oxygen species in diabetics, leading to gastrointestinal disorders. Natural antioxidants exhibit gastroprotective effects owing to their free‐radical scavenging action. C. ambigua possesses appreciable phenolic and flavonoid content; thus, it has the potential to protect against gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. gastric ulcer).RESULTS: This study reports the anti‐ulcer potential of C. ambigua. Four different fractions (chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and aqueous) of plant were compared against omeprazole. Ulcer index, ulcer inhibition percentage, gastric pH and volume, total acidity, gastric protein, gastric wall mucus, and histopathology of gastric walls of rats were assessed. All fractions exhibited a reduction in ulcer index and promotion of percentage of ulcer inhibition compared with the ulcer control group. Furthermore, the fractions revealed a significant (P < 0.001) diminution in gastric volume and total acidity with an increase in pH. Among the fractions investigated, the chloroform fraction unveiled the most promising anti‐ulcer activity, which is comparable to omeprazole. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry screening of fractions revealed the presence of formononetin and biochanin A (isoflavones reported to have anti‐ulcer properties) in the chloroform fraction.CONCLUSION: This study establishes that C. ambigua possesses significant potential in reducing gastric ulcer progression. Formononetin and biochanin A are chiefly responsible for the stated bioactivity due to the fact that these compounds were solely present in the chloroform fraction. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Melatonin is a hormone that regulates the biological day and night cycle. It is mainly produced by the pineal gland during the night. People suffering from insomnia use it as a soporific drug. The aim of this study was to develop a method for the rapid quantification of melatonin in hypnotics. For that purpose, atmospheric pressure solid analysis probe-assisted mass spectrometry was applied, where no chromatographic separation is needed. Thereby, one single analysis takes less than 1 min. Reference measurements were performed with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Both methods were validated and real sample extracts were tested. The coefficients of determination were above 0.97 for both methods. The limits of detection and quantification were below 1 mg kg⁻¹. Both methods gave comparable results. Moreover, the content of melatonin differed from the specified value in many samples. The highest and lowest observed deviations were 78% and 1%, respectively.

Different types of microshoot cultures (agar, stationary liquid, agitated, and bioreactors) of Verbena officinalis were optimized for biomass growth and the production of phenylpropanoid glycosides and phenolic acids. Using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the presence of verbascoside, isoverbascoside, leucoseptoside A/isomers, and cistanoside D/isomer was confirmed in the methanolic extracts obtained from all types of in vitro cultures. The compound’s content was determined by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. The main metabolites in biomass extracts were verbascoside and isoverbascoside (maximum 4881.61 and 451.80 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)). In the soil-grown plant extract, verbascoside was also dominated (1728.97 mg/100 g DW). The content of phenolic acids in the analyzed extracts was below 24 mg/100 g DW. The highest radical scavenging activity was found in the biomass extract from agitated cultures, the most effective reducing power in agar culture extract, and the highest chelating activity in extract from bioreactor cultures. The extracts showed significantly stronger bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.3–2.2 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.6–9 mg/mL) than against Gram-negative bacteria (MIC 0.6–9 mg/mL, MBC of 0.6–18 mg/mL). The biomass extract from liquid stationary culture showed the strongest antibacterial activity, while the extract from soil-grown herb had the lowest.

An automated polystyrene-divinyl benzene (PS-DVB) based standard preloaded-pipet tip-SPE method was developed for the prompt and precise quantification of contaminants in plant extracts using the example of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The objective of the technique was to establish a high-throughput SPE-automated workflow with minimized personal exposure to tremendously carcinogenic PAHs during standard and sample preparation. HPLC-FLD was used for the analysis of PAHs. LOD and LOQ for the investigated PAHs were found to be 16 ppb and 59 ppb, respectively. The recoveries were between 90–102% (RSD < 8%) for the standard compounds in the pure solvent, and between 90–95% (RSD < 10%) for spiked black tea extracts. A contaminated Primulae flos extract was also subjected to the preloaded PhyTip®-SPE scheme and revealed 70.8 μg kg⁻¹ chrysene and 60.9 μg kg⁻¹ benzo(a)anthracene. In order to enhance method reproducibility and to increase the sample throughput, a PhyNexus® (San Jose, CA), MEA™ Robotic Purification System was used for the automation of the SPE method. The automated method with a duration of 17 minutes for 12 samples revealed high recoveries and reproducibility for the PAH standards (90–103% with RSD < 8%) and between 90–95% (RSD < 10%) for spiked black tea extracts. The presented analytical scheme provides an excellent tool for rapid and precise determination of PAHs from complex mixtures.

Quartzite obtained from local source was investigated for the removal of anionic dye congo red (CR) and cationic dye malachite green (MG) as an adsorbent from aqueous solution in batch experiment. The adsorption process was studied as a function of dye concentration, contact time, pH and temperature. Adsorption process was described well by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption capacity remained 666.7 mg/g for CR dye and 348.125 mg/g for MG dye. Data was analyzed thermodynamically, ΔH⁰ and ΔG⁰ values proved that adsorption of CR and MG is an endothermic and spontaneous process. Adsorption data fitted best in the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The adsorption data proved that quartzite exhibit the best adsorption capacity and can be utilized for the removal of anionic and cationic dyes.