Patricia Garcia Ferreira

Background: 3D printing is an advanced, computer-aided design (CAD)–guided, layer-by-layer manufacturing technology with strong potential for producing patient-specific drug products. Integrating AI with pharmaceutical 3D printing can accelerate formulation development, improve process robustness and quality, and enable efficient personalization across the preprinting, printing, and postprinting stages. However, evidence remains dispersed across technologies, dosage forms, and AI approaches, making it difficult to obtain a comprehensive understanding of current research and knowledge gaps. Objective: This scoping review protocol aims to map and characterize how AI has been applied to the formulation design, process optimization, and quality control of 3D printed drug products across the preprinting, printing, and postprinting stages. Methods: This review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist and guidelines for scoping reviews. The following databases and resources will be searched: MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science. Screening, data extraction, and data analysis will be conducted by 2 reviewers independently. Findings will be presented in summary tables and a narrative synthesis. Results: The protocol and search strategy were finalized in April 2026, and the review was registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF). Literature searches are scheduled to be conducted between May 2026 and June 2026, followed by title and abstract screening and full-text assessment between June 2026 and August 2026. Data extraction and narrative synthesis are expected to be completed by September 2026. The final scoping review is expected to be submitted for publication in the fourth quarter of 2026. Conclusions: This protocol outlines a scoping review to map the use of AI in the formulation design, process optimization, and quality control of 3D printed drug products, and summarize current research and identify areas for future investigation. Trial Registration: Open Science Framework 10.17605/OSF.IO/2R8ED; https://osf.io/2r8ed/overview International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID): PRR1-10.2196/98251

BACKGROUND 3D printing is an advanced, computer-aided design (CAD)–guided, layer-by-layer manufacturing technology with strong potential for producing patient-specific drug products. Integrating AI with pharmaceutical 3D printing can accelerate formulation development, improve process robustness and quality, and enable efficient personalization across the preprinting, printing, and postprinting stages. However, evidence remains dispersed across technologies, dosage forms, and AI approaches, making it difficult to obtain a comprehensive understanding of current research and knowledge gaps. OBJECTIVE This scoping review protocol aims to map and characterize how AI has been applied to the formulation design, process optimization, and quality control of 3D printed drug products across the preprinting, printing, and postprinting stages. METHODS This review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist and guidelines for scoping reviews. The following databases and resources will be searched: MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science. Screening, data extraction, and data analysis will be conducted by 2 reviewers independently. Findings will be presented in summary tables and a narrative synthesis. RESULTS The protocol and search strategy were finalized in April 2026, and the review was registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF). Literature searches are scheduled to be conducted between May 2026 and June 2026, followed by title and abstract screening and full-text assessment between June 2026 and August 2026. Data extraction and narrative synthesis are expected to be completed by September 2026. The final scoping review is expected to be submitted for publication in the fourth quarter of 2026. CONCLUSIONS This protocol outlines a scoping review to map the use of AI in the formulation design, process optimization, and quality control of 3D printed drug products, and summarize current research and identify areas for future investigation. CLINICALTRIAL Open Science Framework 10.17605/OSF.IO/2R8ED; https://osf.io/2r8ed/overview INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT PRR1-10.2196/98251

Micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) particles are constantly formed through plastic fragmentation by sunlight, friction, or oxidation. MNPs potentialize health risks when entering the human body by ingestion, infusion, inhalation, and skin absorption. Still, the translocation among intracellular compartments must also be considered because MNPs can reach the circulatory system and be found in virtually all body fluids, tissues, and organs, potentially causing significant health impacts. The ability of MNPs to interact with macromolecules and cause damage to intracellular structures results in several physiopathological conditions, such as inflammation, oxidative imbalance, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. One major challenge in MNP research is the development of reliable detection and quantification methods and effective sample separation processes. Although there is evidence directly linking MNPs to heart disease, the same cannot be said for diseases such as cancer, respiratory conditions, and reproductive system disorders. Therefore, the impact of MNPs on human health was examined, and a careful evaluation of their effects was carried out. We reviewed the extensive scientific literature from the past years, focusing on exposure, aging, interactions, and effects on entering MNPs into human metabolism and the physiological systems, which makes these particles particularly hazardous.

Micro- and nanoplastic particles (MNPs) are constantly formed through macroplastic fragmentation by sunlight, friction, or oxidation. MNPs potentialize the health risks en-tering the human body by ingestion, infusion, inhalation, and skin absorption. Still, the translocation among intracellular compartments must also be considered because MNPs can reach the circulatory system and be found in virtually all body fluids, tissues, and organs, potentially causing significant health impacts. The ability of MNPs to interact with macromolecules and cause damage to intracellular structures results in several physiopathological conditions, such as inflammation, oxidative imbalance, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. One major challenge in MNPs research is the development of reliable detection and quantification methods and effective sample separation processes. Alt-hough there is evidence directly linking MNPs to heart disease, the same cannot be said for diseases such as cancer, respiratory conditions and reproductive system disorders. Therefore, the impact of MNPs on human health and evaluate their effects on human health. We reviewed extensive scientific literature from the past years, focusing on ex-posure, aging, interactions and effects on entering MNPs into human metabolism and the physiological systems, which makes these particles particularly hazardous.

This review explores both the positive and negative impacts of chemistry on society, focusing on the intersection between pharmaceutical, natural, and synthetic chemicals. On the one hand, drugs developed through medicinal chemistry have saved lives, improved people’s quality of life, and increased longevity. However, they also pose risks, including fatalities and environmental damage. Pharmaceutical chemistry has revolutionized medical practice by enabling the treatment and cure of fatal or debilitating diseases, significantly contributing to the rise in global life expectancy through the research and development of new bioactive substances. This article also highlights the harmful effects of toxic synthetic substances, which negatively impact human health and the environment, affecting plants, animals, air, water, soil, and food.