Irina Petrovna Balmasova

Aim : to conduct a cross-sectional study to assess a relationship between the expression levels of innate immunity genes and medical history in pregnant women with tuboperitoneal infertility. Materials and Methods . A cross-sectional, single-site study was conducted. The 84 women examined were divided into two groups: Group 1 included 62 pregnant women with a history of tuboperitoneal infertility, Group 2 consisted of 22 healthy pregnant women without any gynecological or obstetric complications as a control group. The study protocol included collection of gynecological and obstetric histories, assessing messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profiles for innate immunity-related genes collected by cervical canal mucosa scrapings, followed by calculating integrated inflammation index (II). Results . In Groups 1 and 2, differences were found in the expression patterns of mRNAs encoding interleukin (IL) IL-18, IL-10 , GATA-binding protein 3 ( GATA3 ) , cluster of differentiation 68 ( CD68 ) genes. Correlation analyses revealed significant associations between major infectious/inflammation-related complications in both obstetric (cervical insufficiency, recurrent pregnancy loss, preterm birth) and gynecologic histories (chronic endometritis) and the expression of IL-18, IL-10 , GATA3 mRNAs , CD68 genes highlighting common inflammatory pathways underlying these unfavorable pregnancy outcomes among patients with tuboperitoneal infertility. Conclusion . Differences in the mRNA expression profiles of the genes of the main pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukins IL-18, IL-10 , transforming factor G ATA3 , and cluster of differentiation CD68 in the cervical canal of pregnant women with former reproductive dysfunction and women without a history of infertility, as well as some relationships between complications in obstetric and gynecological histories and expression of innate immunity gene mRNAs in the group of impaired fertility points at the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in assessing a role of the infectious and inflammatory factor in this cohort of patients.

Improving the quality of removable dental prostheses and the technologies used for their fabrication remains an important task in prosthodontic dentistry. Acrylic resins based on polymethyl methacrylate are still the most widely used denture base materials. Despite their low cost, availability, and favorable processing properties, their use is associated with a number of important problems, including insufficient resistance to masticatory loads, the need to impart antimicrobial properties, and the presence of residual monomer, primarily methyl methacrylate. Residual methyl methacrylate may exert toxic effects on both patients and dental personnel involved in the fabrication of removable prostheses. This review analyzes current approaches to solving these clinically significant problems.

Цель исследования – представить характеристику биоценоза толстого кишечника и показателей экспрессии генов врожденного иммунитета в цервикальном канале у пациентов с гингивитом/в отсутствии гингивита с учетом течения и осложнений беременности. Проведено проспективное когортное исследование среди 98 беременных без отягощенного акушерского и гинекологического анамнеза, обратившихся для наблюдения в период 2023–2024 гг. в ФГБУ «НМИЦ акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии имени В.И. Кулакова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, г. Москва. Разделение на четыре группы осуществлено по наличию/отсутствию воспаления пародонтальных тканей (гингивита) и величине индекса воспаления (ИВ: ИВ≤60% и ИВ>60%), основанного на оценке экспрессии матричной РНК (м-РНК) генов врожденного иммунитета в соскобе из цервикального канала: группа А – отсутствие гингивита, ИВ≤60%; группа Б – наличие гингивита, ИВ≤60%; группа В – отсутствие гингивита, ИВ>60%; группа Г – наличие гингивита, ИВ>60%. В схему исследования входили оценка осложнений гестационного процесса и определение количества геном-эквивалентов представителей микробиома содержимого толстого кишечника методом ПЦР. Статистическая обработка проведена с использованием однофакторного дисперсионного анализа (ONE WAY ANOVA). При проверке гипотез статистически значимыми считали различия при р<0,05. Для выявления статистически значимых ассоциаций тестированных микроорганизмов использовался кластерный анализ методом К-средних. Анализ биоценоза содержимого толстого кишечника у беременных проведен при сравнении групп Б, В, Г с женщинами группы А (определена в качестве условной группы контроля, характеризующейся отсутствием гингивита и локальной воспалительной реакции в соскобе слизистой цервикального канала). Установлено статистически значимое снижение представительства таксонов в составе филотипа бактерий Firmicutes (вид Lactococcus lactis для групп Б, В, Г, семейство Peptoniphilaceae для групп Б, В), Bacteroidetes (род Prevotella для групп Б, В), Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum для группы Б), изменение количества грибов рода Candida (группы Б, В, Г), увеличение представительства Actinobacteria (виды Bifidobacterium adolescentis для групп Б, Г), Proteobacteria (род Desulfovibrio, вид Escherichia coli для групп Б, Г). Использование метода К-средних позволило выделить две ассоциации микроорганизмов: в составе кластера 1 представлены микроорганизмы Prevotella spp. и Desulfovibrio spp., в составе кластера 2 – Desulfovibrio spp., Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum, Candida spp. Установлена статистически значимая корреляционная взаимосвязь (r = 0,669; р<0,001) между принадлежностью к кластеру 2 и развитием в последующем гестационного сахарного диабета (ГСД). Для подтверждения прогностической значимости этих данных был использован ROC-анализ: площадь под кривой (AUC) для сопоставления частоты встречаемости ГСД у женщин, кишечный микробиом которых во втором триместре беременности принадлежал к кластеру 2, составила 0,813. Исследование микробиома кишечника беременных является важным этапом поиска патогенетических механизмов развития патологий гестационного процесса, среди которых ведущее место занимает ГСД, для которого характерно повышение риска неблагоприятных исходов беременности как для матери, так и для плода. Представленные сведения о возможной связи микроорганизмов Desulfovibrio spp., Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium...

Aim: to conduct a comprehensive analysis of clinical, anamnestic and immunological characteristics of women with infertility and/or a history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study included 302 women of reproductive age with a history of infertility and/or recurrent pregnancy loss by enrolling those who was planning pregnancy and directed for preconceptional councelling in 2023–2024. Patients were divided into 3 groups depending on whether they had experienced infertility (n = 108), recurrent pregnancy loss (n = 141), infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss (n = 53). The study flowchart included the collection of gynecological and obstetric histories, as well as ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs in follicular phase. Expression of innate immunity gene mRNAs was carried out: interleukins (IL) IL-1 β , IL-10 , IL-18 , tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF- α ), Toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ), GATA-binding protein 3 ( GATA3 ), cluster of differentiation 68 ( CD68 ), β ₂ -microglobulin. Based on the mRNA expression profiles of the studied genes, the integral inflammation index (II) was calculated automatically using binary logistic regression software. A local inflammatory reaction in the cervical mucosal scraping was recorded when the II value exceeded 60 %. Statistical analysis was performed using R v 4.4.3. In hypothesis testing, differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results. The prevalence of inflammatory endometrial pathology (chronic endometritis diagnosed by ultrasound) was comparable among groups 1, 2, 3 (16.7; 19.9; 18.9 %; p > 0,05). A greater incidence of ultrasound detected intrauterine adhesions was found in group 2 with combined infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss (17,0 %) compared to infertility group 1 (4.6 %; p = 0,022) and comparable to recurrent pregnancy loss group 3 (14.9 %; p > 0,05). Uterine septal removal was performed more often in group 2 (17.0 %) than in group 1 (1.9 %; p = 0,003). Endometriosis was diagnosed more often in group 2 (24,5 %) than in group 3 (7.8 %; p = 0,009). Reproductive history in combined pathology group 2 compared to infertility group 1 showed higher number of pregnancies (4.0 [3.0; 4.0] vs. 1.0 [0.0; 1.0]; p < 0.001), proportion of spontaneous miscarriages (50.9 % vs. 5.6 %; p < 0.001), prevalence of secondary infertility (24.5 % vs. 11.1 %; p < 0,001) and in vitro fertilization attempts (1.0 [0.0; 3.0] vs. 0.0 [0.0; 2.0]; p = 0.002). We found the difference in IL-1 β gene expression in group 1 and group 3 (4.6 [3.5; 5.3]) vs. 4.9 [4.1; 5.8]; p = 0,044). This may suggest different mechanisms underlying endometrial-embryonic dialogue disorders with common inflammatory background: the general index of local inflammation was high in all groups (more than 60 %). Conclusion.  Prevalence of ultrasound chronic endometritis signs in groups 1, 2, 3 was up to 20 %. Patients with infertility and/or recurrent pregnancy loss, with chronic endometritis, concomitant dysbiotic disorders and activated local immunity need to correct vaginal microbiocenosis before pregnancy in order to prevent infectious and inflammatory complications. It is necessary to develop a screening program based on the characteristics of gynecological, obstetric, reproductive history, morbidity and local inflammatory gene expression levels. Our data confirm the importance of an integrated approach in assessing a role of infectious factor in origin of reproductive disorders.

Dental clinical practice creates an extremely high risk of developing and transmitting nosocomial infections and requires special attention to their prevention and control. In this paper we analyze the data of current literature characterizing the features of measures for instruments disinfection in dentistry and ways to control its effectiveness. Disinfection of medical instruments occupies one of the leading places in the system of measures for the prevention of cross-infection among doctors, patients and service personnel. The need to analyze this system of measures in modern dentistry is associated with a significant improvement in the technological provision of dental care to the patient, an increase in the level of knowledge in the field of its influence on the possibility of infectious agents transmission, the emergence of new methods of sterilization and disinfection and control of their microbiological effectiveness. Conclusions. The peculiarities of modern approaches to instruments disinfection in dentistry are determined by the invasive nature of therapeutic measures, as well as the need to adapt methods of sterilization, disinfection, and their microbiological control to the composition, design, and purpose of the instruments.

Relevance. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is a natural focal viral infection with a high probability of severe course, the possibility of death, a long recovery period after infection, low effectiveness of therapy and vaccine prevention. In the Russian Federation, HFRS is most often caused by the Puumala orthohantavirus. The aim of the study — to evaluate the immunophenotypic composition of lymphocytes and cytokine profile in the blood of patients with hemorrhagic feverwith renal syndrome in comparison with acute respiratory viral infections and with the prospect of developing immunological criteria for early diagnosis of HFRS. Matherials and Methods. There were examined the blood of 24 patients with a verified diagnosis of HFRS who were hospitalized in the infectious diseases department of the Samara Medical University Clinics and admitted in the first days of the disease, 18 patients with acute respiratory viral infections of established etiology, as well as 15 healthy people. Results and Discussion. Analysis of the results of lymphocyte phenotyping and cytokine levels in the blood revealed that the percentage of B lymphocytes in the blood was 12.6 %, cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes expressing the activating lectin receptor NKG2D (CD3+CD8+CD314+), 25 %, regulatory T cells with CD3+CD4+FoxP3+ phenotypes 7.8 % and CD3+CD8+FoxP3+ 9.5 %, as well as IL-6 24 pg/ml, TNFß 55 pg/ml, IL-10 11.3 pg/ml with high diagnostic significance, judging by the results of ROC analysis, indicates in favor of GLPS, but not ARVI. Conclusion. The results obtained can be used as criteria for early immunodiagnosis of HFRS. The development of a new hypothesis on the mechanism of CD8+ immunological memory formation may contribute to the discovery of new potential targets for HFRS immunotherapy and the creation of new principles for the production of vaccine preparations for the prevention of this disease.

The problem of chronic periodontitis (CP) is actively discussed due to the recognition of the fact that periodontal microbial damage is closely related to a number of systemic diseases and probably plays an important role in the occurrence of comorbid pathology. The aim of the meta-analysis was to characterize the composition of the subgingival microbiome and to determine the peculiarities of the formation of associations of the new periodontal pathogen Filifactor alocis with other I and II order periodontal pathogenic bacteria, as well as with the commensal bacteria colonizing this biotope. The study presents data of patient examination with obligatory use of polymerase chain reaction methods and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in 1529 healthy individuals and 2394 patients with CP, 136 patients with CP and concomitant atherosclerosis, 258 patients with CP and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus. It was confirmed that the basis of the oral microbiome under normal circumstances is composed of representatives of microaerophilic streptococci, corynebacteria, lactobacilli, as well as representatives of the Veillonella and Sphingobacterium genera. 16S sequencing and bioinformatic analysis allowed us to specify the taxonomic place of the new pathogen F. alocis, as well as representatives of normal microbiota in CP and comorbid somatic pathology.

Introduction. Periodontal diseases are a common pathology with chronic periodontitis (CP) being the most severe form. This polymicrobial disease has become a problem of great importance in recent years due to the possibility of development of systemic effects associated with this condition. CP is often combined with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The main cause of the occurrence and development of periodontal pathology is played by the bacteria Filifactor alocis, the least studied and most recently discovered periodontal pathogen. The objective of this study was to identify bacteria of genus Filifactor as part of the periodontal microbiome associated with CP and T2D and to clarify the mechanisms of their possible influence on associated metabolic processes according to comparative metagenomic analysis. Materials and methods. A metagenomic study of the microbiome of periodontal pocket samples from 28 patients with CP associated with T2D and 22 patients with CP, as well as the microbiome of dental gingival sulcus samples from 19 clinically healthy individuals was performed. 16S-sequencing of the ribosomal RNA gene was used to determine the taxonomic composition of the microbiome. Prediction of metabolic pathways involving the microbiome was performed with the help of the shotgun method. Results. Filifactor bacteria were the one of the most frequent microorganisms only in patients with CP associated with T2D. The rate of identification of these bacteria was correlated with low predicted metagenomic levels of fatty acid biosynthesis and pyrimidine metabolism in the affected area. Conclusion. The detection frequency of Filifactor bacteria in patients associated with CP and T2D is negatively correlated with the selected features of putative metabolic pathways of the microbiome, which include fatty acid biosynthesis and pyrimidine metabolism.

Objective: to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms in IFNγ gene variant rs2430561 and in NKG2D gene variant rs2617160 as potential risk factors for mother-to-child viral transmission among HIV/HCV-coinfected women.Materials and methods: 65 mother-child pairs were examined, divided into 4 groups depending on the child's infection (HIV/ HCV infected, HIV or HCV infected, not infected). Methods: multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), PCR for determining the viral load of HIV and HCV, flow cytometry for immunological studies, statistical analysis.Results: the single nucleotide polymorphism in IFNγ gene variant rs2430561 had no prognostic value when determined in the mothers. When recording the TT and AT genotypes of a single nucleotide polymorphism in this gene in a child, it was combined with the probability of the child's infection with HIV/HCV, HIV or HCV, depending on the magnitude of the viral load of HIV and HCV in the mother's blood in different trimesters of pregnancy. The presence of the AA and AT genotypes of the NKG2D gene variant rs2617160 in the mothers had a prognostic value as contributing tothe child infection with HIV/HCV or HIV alone. It was noted that the mechanisms of perinatal viral transmission included a certain level of decline in the absolute number of CD4+ lymphocytes in the woman blood in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.Conclusions: the presence of AA and AT genotypes of the NKG2D gene variant rs2617160 in woman co-infected with HIV/HCV makes it possible to predict the risk of child infection not only during pregnancy, but also at the planning stage.

Виром полости рта человека — составная часть микробиома как сообщества микроорганизмов, населяющих полость рта, включает вирусы эукариот, персистирующие в организме человека, и вирусы прокариот (бактериофаги). Виром выполняет важнейшие физиологические функции по защите организма человека от патогенов через контроль состава микробиома, влияние на формирование биопленок, иммуномодулирующие эффекты, играет огромную роль в эволюции человека в целом, но нередко служит источником тяжелых заболеваний. Среди вирусов, населяющих полость рта, ведущая роль в развитии патологических состояний этой локализации, в частности заболеваний пародонта, принадлежит герпесвирусам (вирусу Эпштейна—Барр, цитомегаловирусу), этиопатогенетическое значение которых расшифровано лишь отчасти и его предстоит уточнить. С другой стороны, вирусы можно использовать как полезные агенты в борьбе с заболеваниями полости рта, в частности перспективно применение бактериофагов, хотя условия и варианты их использования нуждаются в дальнейшем изучении. The human oral virome is a part of the microbiome as a community of microorganisms inhabiting the oral cavity, includes eukaryotic viruses that persist in the human body and microbial viruses (bacteriophages). Virome performs the most important physiological functions to protect the human body from pathogens through the control of the microbiome composition, the impact on the formation of biofilms, immunomodulatory effects, plays a huge role in the human evolution as a whole, but often serves as a source of serious diseases. Among the eukaryotic viruses inhabiting the oral cavity, the leading role in the development of pathological conditions of this localization, in particular, periodontal diseases, belongs to herpesviruses (Epstein—Barr virus, cytomegalovirus), the etiopathogenetic significance of which is only partially deciphered and it remains to be clarified. In the fight against diseases of the oral cavity, the use of bacteriophages is promising, although the conditions and variants for their use need further study.