Yury Anatolyevich Vatnikov

An analysis of the epizootic situation of rabies in the Middle Eastern countries for the period 2020–2024 was carried out. The research objective was to analyze the features of the rabies epizootic situation in the Middle East, to assess the influence of socio-economic and political factors on the disease dynamics, and to develop recommendations for improving control measures. Based on data from international monitoring systems (WAHIS/WOAH, FAO), a direct correlation was revealed between the incidence level, the type of virus circulation, and the socio-political stability in the countries of the region. A typology of epizootic regimes was proposed: uncontrolled (Yemen, Syria), endemic (Saudi Arabia, Iran), sylvatic (Oman, Israel), and rabies-free (Persian Gulf states). It was shown that in conflict zones, “urbanization” of the virus occurs — the formation of stable urban foci with the involvement of stray dogs, while in stable countries, control is possible even with the preservation of natural foci. A comparison of the strategies of Israel and Yemen confirmed that achieving near-zero human mortality is possible not through complete virus eradication, but by combining mass animal vaccination and guaranteed availability of anti-rabies care for humans. Practical recommendations were developed, including the transition to CNVR (Catch-Neuter-Vaccinate-Release) programs, the creation of cross-border buffer zones, and economic incentives for the population. The obtained results can be used to improve national and regional rabies control programs.

Background and Aim. The Middle East is one of the most complex epizootic regions in the world due to the interaction of historical, natural, climatic, and socioeconomic factors that influence the spread of infectious animal diseases. Traditional epidemiological approaches cannot fully explain the persistence of epizootic threats in the region. The aim of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the epizootic architecture of the Middle East as a complex metasystem operating at the intersection of historical, environmental, and political-economic determinants.Materials and Methods. The study was conducted as a meta analysis and retrospective modeling for the period 2020 2024. Data from the international monitoring systems WOAH WAHIS and Handistatus II, FAO and ECDC materials, as well as scientific publications and analytical reports for 2005–2024 were used. A systematization, comparative analysis, and qualitative predictive modeling of epizootological processes were conducted, taking into account spatiotemporal, climatic, and socioeconomic parameters.Results. It has been established that the epizootic situation in the Middle East is determined by three interrelated groups of factors: historical-institutional, natural-climatic, and socio-economic. The region is a heterogeneous megasystem, encompassing four types of epizootic regimes: high-tech, crisis, transit, and isolationist. Crisis areas form persistent infection hotspots, while transit countries increase the spread of pathogens through migration and animal trade. Climate change contributes to the concentration of livestock and an increased risk of disease outbreaks.Conclusion. Effective management of epizootological risks requires a shift from universal veterinary measures to differentiated strategies that take into account the historical, environmental, and socioeconomic characteristics of individual countries and subregions of the Middle East.

The study presents the results of early postoperative esophagostomy feeding in cats after ureterotomy performed for ureteral obstruction, with initial creatinine levels around 1200 µmol/L. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of esophagostomy tube placement on recovery in the postoperative period in cats with ureteral obstruction. Two groups were formed: a control group consisting of 8 patients, and an experimental group consisting of 5 patients. Initial creatinine values were approximately 1200 μmol/L, urea values were ranged from 51 to 53 mmol/L. Drug therapy was identical in both groups and included analgesia, infusion therapy with crystalloid solutions (recalculated daily), and antibiotic therapy throughout the study period. In the experimental group, during the surgical intervention to eliminate urethral obstruction, a feeding tube was placed for esophagostomy feeding. Additionally, metoclopramide infusion at a dose of 1–2 mg/kg/day was included in the treatment protocol. Urea and creatinine levels were assessed before surgery and on days 3, 5, 7, and 14 postoperatively. The results demonstrated a clearly improved rate of reduction in azotemia in the experimental group. By day 14, urea levels in the experimental group were 6.5% lower than in the control group, and creatinine levels were 7.5% lower. On average, azotemia decreased 11% faster in the experimental group. Additionally, patients in the experimental group showed spontaneous appetite earlier (2.8 ± 0.4 days) compared to the control group (4.8 ± 0.5 days), which positively affected their overall condition. Early postoperative esophagostomy feeding in cats with ureteral obstruction is therefore an important component of therapy, improving the dynamics of urea and creatinine reduction.

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Introduction. Nephrocardial syndrome (NCS) is a complex of interrelated disorders, which includes chronic kidney disease (CKD) resulting in development of secondary myocardial dysfunction and structural cardiac remodeling. CKD is one of the most common pathologies in older cats. Although cases of nephrocardial syndrome in cats have been described in the literature, its precise pathophysiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Particularly insufficient are the scientific data regarding the role of systemic inflammation and protein and energy metabolism disorders related to NCS pathogenesis and progression. The aim of the study is to investigate the biochemical parameters of blood serum in cats with nephrocardial syndrome for identifying the specific patterns of disorders and developing the improved diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis of 82 medical records of cats admitted to the Moscow veterinary clinics in the period of 2021 — 2025 was conducted. Two experimental groups of animals were formed (37 cats with NCS; 23 cats with CKD without cardiac complications) and one control group (22 healthy cats). Research methods included serum biochemistry (total protein, albumin/globulin fractions, C-reactive protein, azotemia and ketonemia markers), as well as instrumental methods (echocardiography, ECG). Results. In cats with NCS, pronounced dysproteinemia was revealed: hypoalbuminemia (28.1±0.5 g/l versus 34.2±0.6 g/l in the control group), hyperglobulinemia (42.6±1.4 g/l), a significant decrease in the albumin to globulin ratio (0.69±0.03 versus 1.02±0.07 in the control group). The level of C-reactive protein in animals with NCS exceeded the values of both healthy cats (164.1±5.6 g/l versus 82.9±1.4 g/l) and the cats from the group with CKD without cardiac complications (128.5±3.2 g/l), which confirms the presence of systemic inflammation. Azotemia parameters (urea, creatinine, SDMA) did not significantly differ in groups with CKD and NCS, but were higher, compared to the control group. Discussion and Conclusion. The increased ketogenesis was detected in cats with both pathologies, which is likely due to uremic intoxication and catabolic processes. NCS in cats is characterized by pronounced systemic inflammation, impaired protein metabolism, and metabolic shifts. The obtained results emphasize the importance of integrating inflammatory and metabolic markers interpretation into the diagnostics of NCS, as well as the need for further research to establish the cause-and-effect relationships within the nephrocardial continuum.

Introduction. Respiratory diseases are widespread on livestock farms, especially in high-yielding animals, and they are particularly severe in young animals. Non-specific bronchopneumonia in calves is caused by a combination of factors including opportunistic respiratory microbiota, which can become pathogenic under unfavorable conditions, overcrowding, nutritional imbalances, stress, drafts, noise, other environmental stressors as well as compromised immunity in newborn animals. Objective. Immunological control of aerosol phytotherapy of acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia for its effectiveness in calves. Materials and methods. One – three month-old calves with acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia ( n = 60) were used for the study. The calves were divided into three test groups, 20 calves per group. Blood samples were collected from the diseased animals before the start of treatment, as well as on day 7 and 12 after treatment and used for immunological tests. Results. Aerosol administration of Hypericum perforatum extract, herbal product, in the complex treatment of calves with acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia demonstrated high efficacy compared to two other treatment regimens. In the test group receiving phytotherapy overall clinical improvement was observed as early as on (4.90 ± 0.64) day, which was 47.0% faster than in the group where animals were treated according to the treatment regime routinely used on the farm. Furthermore, the calves in this group demonstrated a faster recovery of appetite, consumed feed more readily, their coats became smooth and shiny, and their cellular and humoral immunity levels, as well as their pro-inflammatory cytokine levels reached the reference levels of clinically healthy animals by day 12 and day 7, respectively. Conclusion. While all three regimens for acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia were effective, the aerosolized Hypericum perforatum extract produced the best results. Calves receiving this treatment showed the most significant improvements in cellular and humoral immunity, along with the reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.

For the first time in the history of Russian veterinary medicine, a retrospective analysis of the clinical features of brain tumors (BT) in dogs was carried out. The study was conducted in the Moscow region in 2018-2024 on the basis of the Biocontrol veterinary clinic. The aim of the study is to determine the frequency, localization and clinical manifestations of BT. The data of 54,142 dogs were analyzed, of which 150 had BT (1.2% of oncological cases, 0.28% of the total number of patients). The average age was 9.4 years. Most often, BT was recorded in cross-breed, French bulldogs, Cane Corso and German shepherds. Brachycephalic breeds showed a predisposition to intra-axial lesions, mesocephalic to extra-axial. There was no gender predisposition. The main clinical manifestations included convulsions, ataxia, paresis and changes in consciousness depending on the location of the tumor. The median tumor volume was 6 cm³ for extra-axial and 9.4 cm³ for intra-axial lesions. Histological verification was performed in 23 patients. Diagnosis was carried out using MRI (1.5 Tesla), histology and immunohistochemistry. The study showed the need for histological analysis of BT for accurate typing of lesions and emphasized the importance of developing methods of imaging and invasive diagnosis in veterinary medicine. The data obtained partially differ from foreign ones, which is due to the difference in the breed sampling of the dog population. Unique results can serve as a basis for the development of standardized protocols for the diagnosis and treatment of canine BT.

Climate change and global warming are concerning issues impacting various industries. In the aquaculture industry, these issues are more important in coldwater species, like rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Hence, strategies to control these negative effects are worthy of study. Herbal feed additives are reliable tools to increase fish growth and health, thereby mitigating the drawbacks of climate change on fish. In this study, three diets containing 100 (100EO), 200 (200EO), and 400 (400EO) mg/kg essential oil of Abies sibirica (SBF) along with a control diet (CTL; unsupplemented) were fed to triplicate groups of fish for 60 days. Then the fish were exposed to a 96 h heat stress (25 °C) to monitor their survival and biochemical responses. The results showed that growth performance, feed efficiency, heat stress resistance, intestinal activity of digestive enzymes, and skin mucus immunological parameters significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the SBF essential oil treatments, and the highest increases were observed in the 100EO treatment, followed by the 200EO group. Dietary supplementation with SBF essential oil significantly (p < 0.05) mitigated heat stress-induced increases in plasma cortisol and glucose. Moreover, dietary SBF essential oil significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced immunological parameters such as plasma and intestinal lysozyme and immunoglobulin levels, and improved hepatic antioxidant defenses (including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity, and reduced glutathione), while reducing lipid peroxidation. These effects were most pronounced in the 100EO and 200EO treatments, with the highest performance being observed in the former group. In conclusion, dietary SBF essential oil at 100 mg/kg is capable of augmenting growth performance, immunity, and antioxidant capacity, and suppressing physiological stress, thereby augmenting fish resilience against heat stress.

This article examines the issues of studying pathogenetic correlative links between various clinical and laboratory parameters in cats with cardiorenal syndrome. A significant correlation was found between the level of creatininemia and the pulse rate (r = 0.4), respiratory rate (r = 0.7), sleep breathing rate (r = 0.6), systolic (r = 0.3), diastolic (r = 0.3), mean arterial pressure (r = 0.3), QRS complex duration (r = 0.5), QT interval (r = 0.3), P wave voltage (r = 0.3) and R in the second standard lead (r = 0.4), left atrium size (r = 0.7), interventricular septum thickness in diastole (r = 0.7), left ventricular free wall thickness in diastole (r = 0.6), end-diastolic size (r = -0.6; p ≤ 0.05), end-systolic size of the left ventricular chamber (r = -0.5), serum alanine aminotransferase (r = 0.5), lactate dehydrogenase (r = 0.6), aspartic aminotransferase (r = 0.7), creatinine phosphokinase (r = 0.7), cardiac troponin (r = 0.5), serum concentration of urea (r = 0.7), ketone bodies (r = 0.7), malondialdehyde (r = 0.7), diene conjugates (r = 0.7), ceruloplasmin (r = 0.6), superoxide dismutase activity (r = -0.5), catalase (r = -0.7), glutathione peroxidase (r = -0.6). In the body of cats with cardiorenal syndrome, there is an activation of the sympathoadrenal system, myocardial remodeling processes in the form of concentric hypertrophy, oxidative stress and damage to the cell membranes of cardiomyocytes and other cells of the body, while there is an increase in the mass and number of cardiomyocytes, a violation of the diastolic function of the myocardium, a syndrome of damage to the cell membranes of cardiac cells occurs, progressive prerenal azotemia develops against the background of chronic decompensation of the circulatory organs. Changes in the correlative pathogenetic relationships between clinical and laboratory parameters in cats with cardiorenal syndrome can be considered as predictors of a more malignant course of the pathological process.

The aim of the study is to investigate clinical and echocardiographic parameters in dogs with the development of cardiorenal syndrome as a complication of bicuspid valve endocardiosis. The study was conducted on 22 healthy dogs and 55 dogs with bicuspid valve endocardiosis complicated by cardiorenal syndrome. The sick dogs were divided into two groups: the first group was free from cardiorenal complications (n = 24), the second group was with cardiorenal syndrome (n = 31). It was shown that cardiorenal syndrome in dogs can develop as a complication of congestive left ventricular heart failure in left atrioventricular valve endocardiosis. In this case, cardiorenal syndrome is a marker of a more severe course of congestive left ventricular heart failure in dogs, which, in turn, initiates a decrease in renal function. Clinically, cardiorenal syndrome in dogs with endocardiosis is manifested by dyspnea, tachypnea during rest and sleep, tachycardia, systemic arterial hypertension and hypothermia. Echocardiographic studies in dogs with cardiorenal syndrome revealed signs of dilation of the pulmonary vein by 2.25 times (p < 0.001) and the left atrium by 1.66 times (p < 0.001), a decrease in longitudinal contractility of the left myocardium by 1.5 times (p < 0.05) and the right ventricle by 1.25 times (p < 0.05) compared to healthy dogs. In addition, in dogs with cardiorenal syndrome, a restrictive type of diastolic dysfunction of the heart was verified (an increase in peak E by 1.85 times (p < 0.001) and a decrease in peak A of transmitral blood flow by 1.5 times (p < 0.001), a decrease in the time of isovolumic relaxation by 1.74 times (p < 0.001) compared with healthy animals), as well as pronounced eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle (an increase in the end-diastolic size of the left ventricle by 1.38 times (p < 0.001) compared with healthy animals).