Yifei Zhao

Coastal tidal flats are situated in the interaction zone between the ocean and land and are vulnerable to natural changes, human activities, and global changes; these areas serve as an important mixing zone and burial area for carbon and nitrogen storage. Coastal tidal flats contribute significantly to the global carbon cycle due to their high biological productivity, high sedimentation rate, and low decomposition rate. However, there is a lack of research on the sources and influencing factors of organic carbon in surface sediments in the coastal tidal flat area of Jiangsu Province. In this study, fourteen surface sediment samples were collected from the Jiangsu coastal tidal flats, and the distribution of organic carbon was analyzed. The sources and influencing factors of sediment organic carbon were also investigated by analyzing the contents, ratios and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the sediments. The results indicated that the total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the surface sediments of Jiangsu coastal tidal flats ranged from 0.09% to 0.82% and from 0.01% to 0.1%, with mean values of 0.36% and 0.04%, respectively, and that there was a significant positive correlation between TOC and TN. Moreover, the high-value areas were located mostly along the borders or in sections covered in vegetation, whereas the mudflat areas without vegetation had lower values. Considering the status of the Jiangsu coastal zone, the abandoned Yellow River estuary, Yangtze River inlet, marine benthic microalgae, C3 plants and C4 plants were selected as end members of organic carbon concentrations. The contributions of different sources were quantified using a Bayesian mixture model (MixSIAR). Among them, the abandoned Yellow River estuary and Yangtze River inlet contributed 28.1% and 19.3%, respectively, followed by marine benthic microalgae with a contribution of 26%, whereas C3 and C4 plants made limited contributions of 9% and 8.8%, respectively. Additionally, the sediment particle size, hydrodynamics, and tidal flat vegetation such as Spartina alterniflora were the key factors influencing the organic carbon distribution. In general, this study contributes to a better understanding of the biogeochemical processes and sources of organic carbon in coastal tidal flats. It also provides a solid foundation for the creation of carbon sink measures in nearshore tidal flats.

Due to the growing demand for land resources, many coastal reclamation projects have been implemented around the world in recent decades. Although coastal zone reclamation provides economic benefits, it produces a series of threats to coastal environments and ecosystems. Hence, the ecological costs and economic benefits of reclamation projects must be balanced. In this study, we select Tongzhou Bay, a key development area of the marine industry in the Jiangsu Province, as the research region to study the limits of reclamation control of the port operation area based on regional ecological security. First, we determine the standard limit values of the tidal catchment water line and the water dividing line, the change rate of the tidal flux ±5%, and water area of sandbars above the 0 m line based on key factors and evaluation indices for the ecological impact of reclamation in this region. Then, eight reclamation cases are investigated in Tongzhou Bay, which include the undeveloped natural state, development status, construction projects to be built, and possible construction scale based on the results of tidal current numerical simulation calculations. Although case 3 has impacts on Section 2 (DM2) tidal flux of less than 5% and on Section 1 (DM1) tidal flux of less than 10%, it causes a northward shift of the flood catchment water line in the middle of Yaosha. Finally, case 8 meets the requirements of the standard limit values of evaluation indicators, e.g., 1455 hectares of reclamation is the limit value to maintain the natural state of the Sanshahong channel and the stability of the tidal creek system and Yaosha. Therefore, the results suggest optimizing the structure and layout of breakwaters, controlling the restriction of reclamation, and further maintaining and protecting the ecological function of Tongzhou Bay.

The northern Jiangsu radial sand ridges are typical geomorphic deposit units distributed off the Jiangsu coast. A coastal tidal flat typically develops and provides a good habitat for many migratory birds and benthic organisms. However, topographic surveys of tidal flats have always been difficult in marine surveys because of the dense tidal creek, poor accessibility, and difficulty in setting up control points. In this study, we quickly obtained the point cloud data of the tidal flat near Yangkou Port in the southern part of the radial sand ridges based on an airborne LiDAR system, an integrated 3D laser scanner and a positioning and attitude determination system. We analyzed the adaptabilities of multiple filtering algorithms to tidal flats. In addition, a digital elevation model (DEM) of the tidal flat was constructed and the accuracy was verified with synchronized beach GPS-RTK topographic elevation measurements. The results show that the following: (1) Airborne LiDAR can quickly obtain high precision, high resolution, and a large area of ground point cloud information for tidal flats, overcoming the shortcomings of traditional measurement methods. (2) The triangulated irregular network (TIN) filtering effect is better than that of mathematical morphology and the filtering effect of point cloud normal vector clustering is mediocre. (3) The DEM of the LiDAR point cloud is in good agreement with RTK and the average error of the measurement results is 0.108 m. The error accuracy of the DEM satisfies the surveying specification of a 1:500 topographic map in a flat area, which proves that the airborne LiDAR system can be suitable for tidal flat elevation measurement. Nevertheless, it is possible to provide high precision terrain detection and DEM construction of a tidal flat with the development of airborne infrared and blue-green laser detection radar.

Many of the world’s largest deltas are increasingly threatened by impact of climate change and human activities. The Changjiang (Yangtze River) is among the largest river, and its change of delta has received extensive attention. However, many studies covered smaller delta areas, which cannot reflect the changes of the entire delta region. Here, we present an assessment of the Changjiang (Yangtze River) mega-delta (CMD) using 60 years of bathymetric data covering the entire study area in order to gain clear insight into the comprehensive morphological changes in the Anthropocene. The net deposition rate decreased from 3.47 cm/year over the period 1954–1986 to 0.074 cm/year for the period 2005–2013 in the subaqueous-delta because of a dramatic decline in the sediment load. In particular, as the sediment load further decline due to the implementation of soil and water conservation engineering since 1980s, slight erosion occurred at a rate of −0.0019 cm/year during 1986–2002. However, the subaqueous-delta converted to a balanced state from one of slight erosion, and the depocenter moved southward between 2002 and 2013. Consequently, the morphological change of the CMD went through the following periods: fast accumulation from 1954 to 1986, and balanced accumulation/erosion during 1986–2013 (conservative state in1986–2002 and steady state in 2002–2013). Moreover, the subaerial delta of the Changjiang experienced continued progradation; the area of the subaerial delta increased from 14,857.74 km² in 1974 to 16,039.03 km² in 2013 (7.9% increase), with a net progradation rate of 29.53 km²/year; and the most pronounced progradation occurred at Chongming Island and the eastern parts of Nanhui. An important reason for these changes was land reclamation, deep-water channel projects, and shore protection, despite a marked decrease in the river sediment supply. In the future, whether the accumulation/erosion balance continues to be maintained will be an urgent research in the CMD.

Shu, Q.; Zhao, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Chen, Y., and Zhang, M., 2021. Magnetic properties of late Cenozoic sediments in the Subei Basin: Implications for the Yangtze River run-through time. Journal of Coastal Research, 37(1), 122–131. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The Subei Basin is situated in the lower reaches of the Yangtze and Huai Rivers. In this study, samples were selected from the XH-2 borehole near the subsidence center of the Subei Basin, and modern sediments from the lower reaches of the Yangtze and Huai Rivers. The aim of this study is to decipher the evolution of the regional river system and the formation of the Yangtze River's Three Gorges through the analyses of paleomagnetism, mass susceptibility, and magnetic minerals. The results show that the river system in the Subei Basin experienced several major upheavals. (1) During 4.76–4.2 million years before present (Ma BP), the Yangtze River flowed through the study area in the vicinity of the XH-2 location; (2) During 4.2–2.2 Ma BP, the Yangtze River had migrated from the study area, and the Huai River flowed through the area; (3) During 2.2–0.55 Ma BP, the Yangtze River flowed through the area again; (4) During 0.55–0.12 Ma BP, the Yangtze River and Huai River alternatively influenced the study area; and (5) Since 0.12 Ma BP, the Yangtze River withdrew from the Subei Basin entirely, and the Huai River flows through the XH-2 position again. The Yangtze River sediment in the bottom of the XH-2 borehole indicates that the time of formation of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River is probably greater than or equal to 4.76 Ma BP. This estimated time is earlier than the previous conclusions of an Early Pleistocene run-through time for the Yangtze River.

The coastal tidal flats of the modern Radial Sand Ridges (RSRs) are typical silt-muddy tidal flats in Central Jiangsu Province. These tidal flats play a critical role in coastline protection and biodiversity conservation, and against storm surges, but have recently been displaying drastic changes in geomorphic dynamics because of human activities. However, a comprehensive understanding of spatiotemporal changes in tidal flats in RSRs remains lacking. Hence, we employed a novel remote sensing method by obtaining the instantaneous high/low tide line positions from over 112 scenes of Landsat satellite images of the study area from 1975 to 2017, which were used to track the recent evolution of the coastal tidal flats in the modern RSRs over the past four decades. We found that the shoreline of the tidal flats showed an advanced seaward trend, and the waterline of the tidal flat presented a gradual process during different periods. The total tidal flat area in the study area showed an obviously decreasing trend overall, and approximately 992 km² of the tidal flat was lost. We also found that the coastal tidal flats in the modern RSRs were generally undergoing erosion in the low tidal flats, especially in the Northern Swing and Southern Swing areas, while the high tidal flats showed a slowed accretionary change. Land reclamation was the main factor affecting the reduction in the tidal flat area, as the reclamation area has increased by 1300 km², with an average of 35.14 km²/year. In addition, the erosion of the tidal flats was associated with a reduced sediment supply. Our findings will provide useful information for local managers and researchers to support future environmental management because increasing demand for land and rising sea levels are expected in the future.

Coastal areas are important sites of environmental and socioeconomic activities and are significantly influenced by climate change. Here we analyzed the current and future responses of spatiotemporal characteristics of land‐sea thermal contrast (LSTC) along China's coastal zone to global warming. Using the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Re‐Analysis (ERA)‐Interim and 18 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 models, we find that the rate of global warming significantly influenced the LSTC in summer. The LSTC first decreased and then increased during the warming and hiatus periods, respectively. In winter, the LSTC decreased in the Bohai Sea coastal zone, Yellow Sea‐East China Sea coastal zone, and South China Sea coastal zone at rates of 0.46 (p < 0.01), 0.18 (p < 0.01), and 0.19 °C/decade, respectively. Spatially, the LSTC decreased in summer and winter with the decrease in latitude and increased in summer and winter with the decrease in longitude. These changes were caused by urbanization, land use changes, and topography. The spatial distribution was more strongly controlled by land than by sea. Meanwhile, the land/sea warming ratio was concentrated within the range of 0–1 and 1–2, and land/sea temperature variation trends commonly followed the same direction. Overall, land/sea surface temperature variations had similar amplitudes. Under three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), the warming rate difference between land and sea in summer is small, but the land warms faster than the sea in winter, resulting in the LSTC decreasing fast in winter. Under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, the linear trends in LSTC in Bohai Sea coastal zone, Yellow Sea‐East China Sea coastal zone, and South China Sea coastal zone ranged from 0.05 to 0.08 (p < 0.01) and 0.13 to 0.15 °C/decade (p < 0.01), respectively.