Pablo Lafarga Ostáriz

The authors of this research paper hand in a study on Gamification and the communication processes generated in different educational contexts through a systematic review. This descriptive research analyses a total of 80 results present in Web Of Science and SCOPUS, with the criteria established by the PRISMA protocol. The results show an initial stage of research on the topic. Four blocks of aspects are apparent: motivation, experience, communication, and skills improvements. The value of this research lies on offering a critical view based on an in-depth analysis of the existing scientific production between gamification and communication in education.

Purpose: The authors of this research present a study on Mmobile learning (ML) and the communication processes that are generated in different educational and professional contexts through a systematic review.Design/methodology/approach: This is descriptive research that analyzes a total of 201 results present in Web of Science and SCOPUS, with the criteria established by the PRISMA protocol, giving special relevance to the following categories: country of origin, date of publication, main objectives, methodological design, variables analyzed and considered, size and details of the samples; and their respective scientific contributions in relation to their area of research.Findings: The results show significant methodological discrepancies with respect to the established criteria. Five blocks of action are apparent: technical issues, influence on learning, impact on satisfaction and motivation, impact on communicative processes and new forms of interaction.Originality/value: The value of this research lies on offering a critical view based on an in-depth analysis of the existing scientific production between ML and communication in education.

The last decade has shown the potential and limitations that Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) represent in society. During these years it has been possible to appreciate the birth and development of devices whose incorporation into the daily routine has been almost immediate. Some of the most relevant cases are laptops and smartphones, media that have significantly altered the human paradigm. Its presence has meant the origin of new habits and the adaptation of others towards digital terrain, alternating face-to-face and virtual. The impact and repercussions can be observed in numerous areas, however, education is one of the most cohesive with these new ways of living. Gamification is one of the didactic strategies that are most closely linked with ICTs, an interaction that is conceived as natural as it is the translation of a methodology towards tools with resources that can be unlimited and asynchronous. However, as always happens when technology is incorporated into the educational field, these new teaching-learning paths require new ap-proaches and reflections on the needs they demand. It is in the case of Higher Education that its implementation must involve an analysis of the past, present, and future in order to favor the true personal development of those who make up the process: teachers and students.

New digital trends are generating new habits in society. The democratization of mobile devices, such as smartphones, has caused a new paradigm in areas such as access to information and the skills necessary to be an active part of society. The end of this revolution is still impossible to define, however, there are already numerous customs that have been displaced towards virtual contexts. The latest generations are verifying how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are the axis of daily processes, one of them being access to information. During the last decades, the change regarding the consumption of information, as well as entertainment, has become evident, with a clear conversion towards fast and digital reading content. A situation which repercussions are manifested transversally in society, from those generations that have grown up with physical newspapers to the most recent ones and who find non-daily news obsolete. Its impact in the educational field is reflected when considering the personal development of students and their preparation for the 21st century. It is a context in which digital skills are no longer complementary but necessary, from the personal sphere to the professional through the social. Training requirements are reflected in institutions such as higher education, both university, and professional training.

In this article, an analysis of the existing literature is carried out. It focused on the netiquette (country, date, objectives, methodological design, main variables, sample details, and measurement methods) included in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. This systematic review of the literature has been developed entirely according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA). The initial search yielded 53 results, of which 18 exceeded the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in detail. These results show that this is a poorly defined line of research, both in theory and in practice. There is a need to update the theoretical framework and an analysis of the empirical proposals, whose samples are supported by students or similar. Knowing, understanding, and analyzing netiquette is a necessity in a society in which information and communication technologies (ICT) have changed the way of socializing and communicating. A new reality in which there is cyber-bullying, digital scams, fake news, and haters on social networks.

The last few years have shown a clear commitment to digital. In the case of the educational field, this new direction is being promoted by global objectives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), specific legislation by each country, or technological progress itself. The Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) can be a good interrelation of all of them, especially in view of the arrival of the pandemic caused by the Covid-19. A digital proposal whose growth during the second decade of the 21st century has been very significant, some reasons to consider are how it favors lifelong learning and both synchronous and asynchronous teaching-learning methods. That is why in this article we intend to provide a reflective analysis of the necessary rethinking of education today and what the role of the MOOC can be in this new context.

The incorporation of ICTs in the educational field results in new alternatives, new habits, and new needs. In the case of teachers, their ability to work and integrate technological devices or tools to make them more accessible in the future becomes highly relevant. In recent years, technical possibilities such as Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC), Open Educational Resources (OERs), gamification, video streaming platforms, or transversal managers such as Google Classroom have been emerging. Possibilities that involve different scenarios of the teaching-learning process were especially enhanced during the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. This results in a necessary and continuous reflection on the preparation of teachers in the didactic application of ICTs in the short, medium, and long term. All this is placed in the context of higher education, a stage always linked to technological innovation and one which promotes research in the field of education. For this reason, in the present work, it is exposed in different sections how the technological change has been gaining pace resulting in a conceptual development around ICTs in the classroom. At the same time, it analyses how teacher training in higher education is a problem of the present and future, which is why it acquires a key relevance.

The Spanish educational system has been significantly altered due to the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, a fact that has encouraged the paradigm shift that was taking place during the last decade in relation to the integration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in educational contexts. New contexts imply constant reflection on the teaching-learning process, especially in a society whose commitment to digital integration increases annually. The most appreciable aspect of these new environments affects the field of higher educationwhich during the last decade has already begun to delve into digital teaching and learning media for different contexts. For this reason, in the present work, a theoretical analysis is carried out that considers the role of ICTs in Spanish society with special interest in their adaptation to higher education - issues that support approaches that go beyond the pure application of ICTs and that highlight new needs in the training of teachers whose Digital Teaching Competence is in constant controversy and analysis. To favor the applicability of this theory, the Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) and the Open Educational Resources (OERs) are considered as two key tools of the present and future in relation to teacher training in higher education in Spain. All this is discussed in view of the need of the Institutions to adapt to the development of society and not remain in the sideline.

Today, pedagogical proposals are increasingly moving away from purely traditional approaches, with a proliferation of active methodologies in the teaching–learning processes. This research aims to find out the effectiveness of the collaborative method in mobile learning, as opposed to traditional methodology, for university students in the learning of the didactic program. The research methodology is quantitative, applying a quasi-experimental design with a control group and experimental group. The results show that the collaborative learning teaching method associated with mobile learning mainly increases motivation, the relationships between teachers and students, the relationships between students and content, the relationships between students and students, autonomy in learning, pedagogical collaboration between students, problem-solving, and the sense of time in the training process. It is concluded that the collaborative learning method associated with mobile learning is more effective for learning didactic programming than the traditional method.