Cameron Hassani

Background The recent release of large language models (LLMs) for public use, such as ChatGPT and Google Bard, has opened up a multitude of potential benefits as well as challenges. Purpose To evaluate and compare the accuracy and consistency of responses generated by publicly available ChatGPT-3.5 and Google Bard to non-expert questions related to lung cancer prevention, screening, and terminology commonly used in radiology reports based on the recommendation of Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS) v2022 from American College of Radiology and Fleischner society. Materials and Methods Forty of the exact same questions were created and presented to ChatGPT-3.5 and Google Bard experimental version as well as Bing and Google search engines by three different authors of this paper. Each answer was reviewed by two radiologists for accuracy. Responses were scored as correct, partially correct, incorrect, or unanswered. Consistency was also evaluated among the answers. Here, consistency was defined as the agreement between the three answers provided by ChatGPT-3.5, Google Bard experimental version, Bing, and Google search engines regardless of whether the concept conveyed was correct or incorrect. The accuracy among different tools were evaluated using Stata. Results ChatGPT-3.5 answered 120 questions with 85 (70.8%) correct, 14 (11.7%) partially correct, and 21 (17.5%) incorrect. Google Bard did not answer 23 (19.1%) questions. Among the 97 questions answered by Google Bard, 62 (51.7%) were correct, 11 (9.2%) were partially correct, and 24 (20%) were incorrect. Bing answered 120 questions with 74 (61.7%) correct, 13 (10.8%) partially correct, and 33 (27.5%) incorrect. Google search engine answered 120 questions with 66 (55%) correct, 27 (22.5%) partially correct, and 27 (22.5%) incorrect. The ChatGPT-3.5 is more likely to provide correct or partially answer than Google Bard, approximately by 1.5 folds (OR = 1.55, P = 0.004). ChatGPT-3.5 and Google search engine were more likely to be consistent than Google Bard by approximately 7 and 29 folds (OR = 6.65, P = 0.002 for ChatGPT and OR = 28.83, P = 0.002 for Google search engine, respectively). Conclusion Although ChatGPT-3.5 had a higher accuracy in comparison with the other tools, neither ChatGPT nor Google Bard, Bing and Google search engines answered all questions correctly and with 100% consistency.

Numerous entities, both structural and pathologic, can manifest as a contrast material- or blood-filled cardiac outpouching at imaging. These outpouchings often resemble one another and are frequently unfamiliar to imagers and clinicians, creating uncertainty when detected. Furthermore, the diagnostic criteria for conditions such as hernia, aneurysm, pseudoaneurysm, and diverticulum have not been consistently applied in studies and reports cited in the literature describing these outpouchings, adding to the confusion among general and cardiothoracic imagers. Pouches and outpouchings are commonly found incidentally on thoracic and abdominal CT scans obtained for other reasons. Many pouches and outpouchings can be confidently diagnosed or ignored at routine imaging, whereas others may require further evaluation with electrocardiographically gated CT, cardiac MRI, or echocardiography for a more definitive diagnosis. It is easiest to group and diagnose these entities on the basis of their cardiac chamber location or their involvement with the interatrial and interventricular septa. Ancillary features, such as motion, morphology, neck and body size, presence or absence of thrombus, and late gadolinium enhancement characteristics, are important in reaching a correct diagnosis. The aim of this article is to provide a practical guide to pouches and outpouchings of the heart. Each entity is defined according to its cause, imaging characteristics, clinical significance, and relevant associated findings. Mimics of cardiac pouches and outpouchings such as the Bachmann bundle, atrial veins, and thebesian vessels also are briefly discussed. Quiz questions for this article are available in the supplemental material. ^©RSNA, 2023.

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This article describes imaging findings related to the pulmonary veins: normal and anomalous anatomy, pathologic conditions, postoperative imaging appearances, and postoperative complications. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart, but their importance to the radiologist extends far beyond this seemingly straightforward function. The anatomy of the pulmonary veins is variable among patients, with several noteworthy variant and anomalous patterns, including supernumerary pulmonary veins, a common ostium, anomalous pulmonary venous return, and levoatriocardinal veins. Differences in pulmonary vein anatomy and the presence of variant or anomalous anatomy can be of critical importance, especially for preoperative planning of pulmonary and cardiac surgery. The enhancement or lack of enhancement of the pulmonary veins can be a clue to clinically important disease, and the relationship of masses to the pulmonary veins can herald cardiac invasion. The pulmonary veins are also an integral part of thoracic interventions, including lung transplantation, pneumonectomy, and radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. This fact creates a requirement for radiologists to h...