Cristina Velázquez-Ruiz

PrimPol is a DNA primase/polymerase from the Archaeo-Eukaryotic Primase (AEP) superfamily that enables the progression of stalled replication forks by synthesizing DNA primers ahead of blocking lesions or abnormal structures in the ssDNA template. PrimPol’s active site is formed by three AEP-conserved motifs: A, B and C. Motifs A and C of human PrimPol (HsPrimPol) harbor the catalytic residues (Asp¹¹⁴, Glu¹¹⁶, Asp²⁸⁰) acting as metal ligands, whereas motif B includes highly conserved residues (Lys¹⁶⁵, Ser¹⁶⁷ and His¹⁶⁹), which are postulated to stabilize 3′ incoming deoxynucleotides (dNTPs). Additionally, other putative nucleotide ligands are situated close to motif C: Lys²⁹⁷, almost invariant in the whole AEP superfamily, and Lys³⁰⁰, specifically conserved in eukaryotic PrimPols. Here, we demonstrate that His¹⁶⁹ is absolutely essential for 3′dNTP binding and, hence, for both primase and polymerase activities of HsPrimPol, whereas Ser¹⁶⁷ and Lys²⁹⁷ are crucial for the dimer synthesis initiation step during priming, but dispensable for subsequent dNTP incorporation on growing primers. Conversely, the elimination of Lys¹⁶⁵ does not affect the overall primase function; however, it is required for damage avoidance via primer–template realignments. Finally, Lys³⁰⁰ is identified as an extra anchor residue to stabilize the 3′ incoming dNTP. Collectively, these results demonstrate that individual ligands modulate the stabilization of 3′ incoming dNTPs to optimize DNA primer synthesis efficiency during initiation and primer maturation.

Replication forks often stall at damaged DNA. Resumption of DNA synthesis can occur by replacement of the replicative DNA polymerase with specialized, error-prone translesion DNA polymerases (TLS), that have higher tolerance for damaged substrates. Several of these polymerases (Polλ, Polη and PrimPol) are stimulated in DNA synthesis through interaction with PolDIP2, however the mechanism of this PolDIP2-dependent stimulation is still unclear. Here we show that PrimPol uses a flexible loop to interact with the C-terminal ApaG-like domain of PolDIP2, and that this contact is essential for PrimPol’s enhanced processivity. PolDIP2 increases PrimPol’s primer-template and dNTP binding affinity, which concomitantly enhances PrimPol’s nucleotide incorporation efficiency. This activity is dependent on a unique arginine cluster in PolDIP2 and could be essential for PrimPol to function in vivo , since the polymerase activity of PrimPol alone is very limited. This mechanism, where the affinity for dNTPs gets increased by PolDIP2 binding, could be common to all other PolDIP2-interacting TLS polymerases, i.e. Polλ, Polη, Polζ and REV1, and might be critical for their in vivo function of tolerating DNA lesions at physiological nucleotide concentrations.