Afsoon Hassani Mehraban

Introduction: Cultural adaptation of assessment tools is essential to ensure their accuracy and relevance across different populations. Objectives: The study focused on cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Persian ADL Taxonomy for assessing daily activities in persons with stroke. Data Collection Location: Data were collected in a clinical setting and a university hospital in Tehran. Methods: The ADL Taxonomy was translated into Persian in accordance with standard guidelines. Face validity was tested with 20 stroke patients and convergent validity with 104. Validity and test–retest reliability were analyzed using SPSS, Spearman correlation with MBI scores, and Pearson correlation for reliability( p < 0.05). Rasch analysis was performed in R (Version 4.4.1) using the eRm and TAM packages with the 1PL model for dichotomous data, analyzing each of the 46 actions separately. Item difficulty, standard errors, model fit (Infit MnSq ≤ 1.3; t = −2 to +2), and discrimination indices (≥ 0.30) were calculated. Person ability estimates were obtained using the EAP method, with PSI (≥ 2.0) and PR (≥ 0.80) calculated and raw scores examined to assess the scale′s reliability, discriminative ability, and potential ceiling or floor effects. Results: Face validity confirmed item clarity, with minor edits. Impact scores ranged from 2.70 to 5.00. Content validity indices were high (CVR = 0.54–1.0; ; ; ; modified kappa = 0.84–1.0). Convergent validity showed a strong correlation with the MBI ( r = 0.89, p < 0.001), and test–retest reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.98). Rasch analysis of items showed a wide range of difficulty (−4.77 to 6.61 logits) with acceptable measurement precision, generally good model fit, and adequate discrimination for most items, although a few (e.g., communication and transportation and traveling) displayed misfit and low discriminatory power. Person ability estimates ranged widely (2–46, median = 34, mean = 32.05, Q1 = 25.75, Q3 = 42), with a person separation index of 3.95 and person reliability of 0.94. Conclusions: The Persian version of the ADL Taxonomy demonstrated excellent validity and reliability, with most items showing good fit and discrimination. The scale reliably distinguished between five levels of ability, and no ceiling or floor effects were observed in the Rasch analysis, supporting its use for assessing daily activities in Persian‐speaking stroke patients.

Background: With the rise of globalisation, the demand for reliable and valid measurement tools that can be applied across diverse languages and cultures has become increasingly crucial. This situation requires the translation and adaptation of assessment instruments before they can be effectively used in new contexts. Objective: This umbrella review aimed to synthesise and critically evaluate existing methods for translating and culturally adapting self‐report health instruments. Methods: A comprehensive search was performed in PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library for reviews published between January 2000 and April 2025. Two independent reviewers screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were extracted and categorised into translation and cultural adaptation processes. The methodological quality of included reviews was appraised using the AMSTAR tool. Results: Nineteen reviews were included, identifying 46 distinct methods for translation and cultural adaptation. Considerable variation was observed regarding the number of steps, use of forward and back translation, expert committee involvement, and pre‐testing with target populations. Only 10 methods fully implemented all essential steps recommended by quality evaluation checklists such as DuBay & Watson. Conclusion: This umbrella review provides the first quantitative critique of translation and cultural adaptation methods for self‐report instruments. Findings highlight the absence of a single ‘gold standard’ but support the adoption of structured, multistep approaches that integrate expert committee review and cognitive testing to ensure linguistic accuracy and cultural appropriateness.

This article has an interesting subject, but it is like a report article about Marshallese children, preparing a playroom, and introducing different types of play therapy for children. I recommend to the authors: * to present their research by ch...

Introduction: This study is aimed at identifying suitable tools capable of evaluating one‐handed skills in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods: In this article, the systematic reviews on upper extremity assessment tools for children with CP from 2000 to 2024 were identified in databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Scopus. Then, the obtained tools were evaluated, among which only those capable of assessing one‐handed skills in children aged 3 years and older in accordance with the activity level of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health were selected to evaluate the quality of evidence and psychometric properties in children with CP using CanChild Outcome Measure Rating Form. Results: A total of 13 systematic reviews were selected for further analysis. Subsequently, 149 tools were identified for initial evaluation, of which 18 were capable of assessing one‐handed skills in children with CP. Among these, COPM, ACHES, and PMAL_R demonstrated excellent evidence for overall clinical utility. Conclusion: This study showed that among the numerous tools available for assessing one‐handed skills in children with CP, only a limited number have excellent evidence for overall clinical utility. These findings can serve as a basis for selecting more precise, evidence‐based tools in the assessment, and rehabilitation interventions for these children.

Introduction: Despite the global focus on occupation‐based practice (OBP), limited research exists on its implementation in Iran. There is a lack of evidence on how OBP is practiced and the factors affecting its use among Iranian occupational therapists, which is essential for addressing barriers and promoting a more occupation‐centered approach in clinical settings. Objectives: This study is aimed at determining the knowledge, attitudes, interests, usage rates, and environmental factors affecting OBP among Iranian occupational therapists and examining the relationship between sociodemographic factors and OBP. Study Type: This work is a cross‐sectional analytical study. Data Collection Location: The data collection location of this study is the private and government clinics across Iran. Methods: A total of 202 participants completed demographic and OBP questionnaires. Key aspects such as total performance, usage rate, attitudes, knowledge, interest, and environmental factors were evaluated. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, employing statistical tests including ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and T ‐test. Results: The total OBP performance among Iranian occupational therapists is 64%, and 60.7% of them use OBP approaches. They have a positive attitude (83.6%) and high interest (78.3%) towards these approaches. However, environmental factors (44.7%) and an average level of knowledge (65.6%) have hindered the full utilization of these approaches. The average OBP score among occupational therapists in government settings was significantly higher than in private centers ( p value < 0.001). Additionally, occupational therapists with a PhD scored higher than those with a bachelor’s or master’s degree ( p value < 0.001). The level of work experience has a significant correlation with the total OBP score ( p value < 0.05). Conclusion: This study examines the factors affecting OBP adoption in Iran, showing that while therapists have positive attitudes and interest, environmental barriers and limited knowledge hinder full implementation. Government‐employed therapists and those with PhDs engage more, and work experience is crucial. The findings stress the need for targeted education and systemic changes, contributing to global insights on OBP integration.

With the rising prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), early assessment of preschool children is vital for occupational therapists. This scoping review aimed to provide detailed information about outcome measures used in occupational therapy interventions in preschool children with ASD and map the focus of the outcome measures based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) components. A thorough search from 2000 to 2022 was conducted that employed ICF linking rules to categorize the outcome measures. Seventy-four outcome measures were identified. They predominantly targeted body function and activity/participation, with less emphasis on environmental factors, and none assessed body structure. The most common measures were Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS-2), Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), and Parenting Stress Index–Short Form (PSI-SF). This study offers a diverse array of outcome measures and underscores the potential of the ICF framework in enhancing evaluations, particularly concerning broader environmental components as one of the primary facilitating/hindering factors in the participation of children with ASD.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the validity, reliability, and feasibility of the Persian version of the Relative Mastery Scale as a measure of the Occupational Adaptation Model in caregivers of people with multiple sclerosis. Method: In a cross-sectional study, after translation, face and content validity, the caregivers completed the Relative Mastery Scale and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Expanded Disability Status Scale for people with multiple sclerosis was reported by neurologist. Also, convergent validity, internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and exploratory factor analyses were evaluated. Results: A total of 150 caregivers completed both instruments. Cronbach’s α = 0.852 and ICC = 0.838 were good. The convergent validity of the total Relative Mastery Scale score was confirmed with a significant correlation with Canadian Occupational Performance Measure ( r > 0.67, p < 0.001) and Expanded Disability Status Scale score ( r > 0.34, p < 0.001). The Persian-Relative Mastery Scale was found as a multidimensional instrument with three items that appeared to be redundant. Conclusion: The Persian-Relative Mastery Scale had acceptable reliability and validity for evaluating mastery in Persian-speaker caregivers.

Introduction: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common motor and postural developmental disability impacting daily activities like toileting. Despite its importance, toileting has often been undervalued in healthcare. This study is aimed at identifying and assessing the level of influence of various factors affecting toileting in individuals with CP using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for Children and Youth (ICF‐CY) framework.Methods: The Delphi method was employed to reach a consensus on factors influencing toileting in individuals with CP. One hundred fifty‐eight professionals from 17 countries, each with at least 3 years’ experience in CP and/or toileting, participated in this two‐round study. Ethical approval (IR.IUMS.REC.1400.1111) and informed consent were obtained. The questionnaire, available in Farsi and English, used a Likert scale (5 = very high impact to 1 = no impact). Factors with 75% agreement and a mean above 3.75 were included in the final list, while those with 50%–75% agreement or a mean between 2.5 and 3.75 proceeded to the second round. Factors were initially identified through a literature review and research team consultation and categorized according to the ICF‐CY framework using the ICF 10 RULES. Validation and refinement were done through focus groups with caregivers and experienced professionals to ensure alignment with the framework and methodological rigor.Results: The study highlighted significant factors influencing toileting activities in individuals with CP. Within the ICF‐CY framework, “neuromusculoskeletal and movement‐related functions” scored highest at 94.5% in “body functions and structures.” “Toilet environment” scored 90.5% in “environmental factors.” Support and relationship factors scored 82.3%. Attitudes toward “menstruation” ranked highest at 92.9%. Associated deficits with CP ranked top in personal factors at 93.7%.Conclusion: The study identifies key factors influencing toileting activity performance in individuals with CP. “Main caregiver” emerges as a pivotal factor, followed by neuromusculoskeletal functions, personal factors, attitudes toward menstruation, the toilet environment, and support and relationships.