Ishtiaq Ahmad

Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues is a peer-reviewed journal which publishes original research papers and case studies

Mobile networks like 5G, 6G, and the beyond facing aggravating challenges regarding the handling of an increasing number of massive devices. In fact, a large number of terminal sends bunch of streams to small array of antennas simultaneously. This increasing burst of data traffic requires prudent handlers therefore, a large array of Multiuser Multi input and Multi out (MIMO) strategies has been proposed to handle the growing demand of mobile traffic. In the first phase, the spectral, and energy efficiency of uplinking massive MIMO system has been achieved through linear receivers which compute the factors like Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), Zero Forcing (ZF), and Maximum Ratio Combing (MRC). While in the second phase the relationship between received power and the base station antenna is analyzed by considering the perfect and imperfect channel state information. The outcome of the proposed method has been analyzed through MATLAB simulation which vouched that MRC receivers have performed worse than the MMSE and ZF receivers. Nonetheless, when power levels have dropped the crosstalk provided by the lower MRC cascades under the noise threshold, making the receiver a feasible option. Subsequently, the tradeoff between spectral and energy efficiency is analyzed by comparing to a small antenna array and it has been proven that by employing a fairly large antenna array i.e; 100 antennas, the energy and spectral efficiency can be enhanced by orders of 4 and 3 magnitudes respectively.

Network slicing (NS) is one of the most prominent next-generation wireless cellular technology use cases, promising to unlock the core benefits of 5G network architecture by allowing communication service providers (CSPs) and operators to construct scalable and customized logical networks. This, in turn, enables telcos to reach the full potential of their infrastructure by offering customers tailored networking solutions that meet their specific needs, which is critical in an era where no two businesses have the same requirements. This article presents a commercial overview of NS, as well as the need for a slicing automation and orchestration framework. Furthermore, it will address the current NS project objectives along with the complex functional execution of NS code flow. A summary of activities in important standards development groups and industrial forums relevant to artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is also provided. Finally, we identify various open research problems and potential answers to provide future guidance.

This paper investigates the secrecy outage performance of a downlink cooperative nonorthogonal multiple access- (NOMA-) assisted hybrid satellite-terrestrial network, where a satellite source communicates with two terrestrial users based on NOMA, in the presence of a terrestrial eavesdropper. We assume that there is no direct link between the satellite source and the far terrestrial user, and the near terrestrial user acts as a relay to forward the information to the far terrestrial user. The near user is assumed to support both half-duplex mode and the full-duplex mode for information relaying. We derive the closed-form exact expressions for the secrecy outage probability (SOP) of the near user, as well as the closed-form approximate expressions for the SOP of the far user based on the Gaussian-Chebyshev quadrature. Theoretical results are validated by conducting simulations. The impacts of various system parameters on the performance comparison between the half-duplex mode and full-duplex mode are investigated. Particularly, the full-duplex mode is shown to outperform the half-duplex mode when the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the near user is low or the residual self-interference is low.

The architecture employed by most of the researchers for the deployment of latency‐sensitive Internet of Things (IoT) applications is fog computing. Fog computing architecture offers less delay as compared to the cloud computing paradigm by providing resource constraint fog devices close to the edge of the network. Fog nodes process the incoming data by utilizing available resources which reduces the volume of data to be sent to the cloud server. Fog devices having dissimilar processing capabilities are present in a system. The connection of suitable sensor nodes to the parent fog node plays an essential role in achieving the optimum performance of the system. In this paper, we have designed an algorithm that dynamically assigns appropriate sensor devices to fog nodes to achieve a reduction in network utilization and latency. The proposed algorithm estimates the volume of information detected by an edge device from the rate of sensing frequency of the sensor attached to the edge device. The proposed policy while connecting the network nodes takes into account the heterogeneity and processing capability of the devices. Several evaluations are performed on multiple scales for the evaluation of the proposed algorithm. The outcomes of the evaluations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in achieving a reduction in network consumption and end‐to‐end delay.

Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues is a peer-reviewed journal which publishes original research papers and case studies

This paper aims to present the strategic landscape for global financial institutions through a trend analysis for Interbrand's top 100 global brands. The study used longitudinal data of 20 years (2001 to 2020) from the top 100 global brands published by Interbrand annually. Analyses are based on Interbrand's brand equity ($ millions), annual brand ranking, and annual growth in brand equity using descriptive statistics. This research provides three significant findings. Firstly, it supports the country of origin's effect on top Financial Institutions. American financial institutions were always ahead of financial institutions from other countries. European banks have a relatively higher growth rate. Secondly, this research proposes three clusters of global financial institutions. Leaders include financial institutions that appeared in Interbrand's Global brand list for at least 15 years during 2001-2020 and having minimum brand equity of USD 8.0 billion in 2020. Challengers include financial institutions that appeared in Interbrand's global brand list for at least five years during 2001-2020; and having minimum brand equity of USD 7.0 billion in 2020. Extinct include financial institutions that appeared in Interbrand's global brand list at least once during 2001-2020 but not listed for the last eight years. Finally, this paper presents the effects of the global financial crisis (2008) and global pandemic (2020) on financial institutions. The global financial crisis (2008-9) deeply affected the global banking industry. Many banks were forced to close, and governments had to bail them out. The financial stocks were crushed, and many of them were slashed. The collapse of the US financial system caused many investors to lose their money. The brand equity of financial institutions has the most significant decline. While the global pandemic crisis (2019-20) completely halted the world's economy for many months, the bank's brand equity was not severely affected. Although in 2019-20, there was a decline in the growth rate of the financial sector's brand equity compared to all other sectors, the cumulative brand equity of the financial sector was constantly on the rise. These findings have implications for practitioners and academicians to understand better the underlying patterns and changes in top global financial institutions' brand equity and devise the appropriate strategies. In addition, the findings invite future research on probing the reasons behind the drastic changes in the brand equity of various global financial institutions in the last two decades.

In this letter, we investigate the secrecy outage performance of a cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) network, where a base station (BS) communicates with multiple cell-centre users and a cell-edge user in the presence of an eavesdropper. It is assumed that there is no direct link between the BS and the cell-edge user, and thus one of the cell-centre users is selected to act as a relay for the cell-edge user. Particularly, the selected cell-centre user adopts the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) for decoding information and harvesting energy for forwarding. The closed-form approximate expression for the system secrecy outage probability is derived under the max-min user selection (MMUS) strategy. The theoretical results are verified by simulations, and it is shown that the MMUS strategy outperforms various benchmark strategies.

Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues is a peer-reviewed journal which publishes original research papers and case studies

Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues is a peer-reviewed journal which publishes original research papers and case studies