Tomasz Neumann

The decarbonization of multimodal transport systems requires assessment approaches that simultaneously address environmental impacts and economic performance at dynamic operational conditions. Conventional Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Costing (LCC), including Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), are widely used for this purpose; however, they often rely on static assumptions and averaged data, limiting their ability to capture real-world variability. This study proposes an AI-enhanced LCA–LCC/TCO framework for the integrated evaluation of decarbonised multimodal Door-to-Port transport systems. Artificial intelligence is embedded directly into the life cycle inventory and cost inventory stages to generate scenario-specific estimates of energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and operational costs. The framework is demonstrated through a case study of a multimodal Door-to-Port transport chain comprising road pre-haulage, rail line-haul, and port terminal operations. Three scenarios are analysed: conventional, partially decarbonised, and fully decarbonised configurations. The results indicate that partial decarbonization reduces greenhouse gas emissions by more than 60% compared to the baseline while achieving the lowest total cost of ownership. Full decarbonization achieves emission reductions exceeding 95% but is associated with slightly higher costs under current assumptions. Sensitivity analysis verifies the robustness of the relative scenario ranking under different energy prices, carbon pricing, and electricity carbon intensity. The proposed framework provides a structured decision-support framework for logistics operators, port authorities, and policymakers seeking cost-effective pathways to low-emission multimodal transport systems.

The Automatic Identification System (AIS) has become a fundamental component of modern maritime navigation, supporting real-time vessel tracking, collision avoidance, and traffic management. However, its protocol was developed without cybersecurity considerations, resulting in structural vulnerabilities that increasingly threaten operational safety and reliability. AIS broadcasts are neither encrypted nor authenticated, allowing adversaries to intercept, manipulate, or fabricate messages with minimal technical effort. This exposes maritime operators to a spectrum of cyber threats, including identity spoofing, false-data injection, replay attacks, and targeted radio-frequency jamming. As AIS data is routinely integrated into Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS), Vessel Traffic Services (VTS), and autonomous navigation modules, these weaknesses propagate across interconnected maritime infrastructures, amplifying the potential consequences of compromised data integrity. This article provides a systematic assessment of the core vulnerabilities inherent in AIS communication, emphasizing the absence of cryptographic protections, the ease of broadcasting falsified vessel information, and the susceptibility of the VHF communication channel to intentional interference. The operational impacts of these threats are analyzed with regard to navigational decision-making, port coordination, surveillance accuracy, and maritime domain awareness. Particular attention is given to the risks resulting from excessive dependency on AIS as a primary sensor input, especially in automated or minimally manned operational environments. In response to these challenges, the study outlines a set of technical and organizational countermeasures. Proposed solutions include the integration of authentication layers and lightweight encryption into future AIS/VDES protocols, the deployment of anomaly-detection algorithms for real-time identification of spoofed or inconsistent data, the cross-verification of AIS information with independent sensors, and the systematic maintenance of AIS-capable equipment. Additionally, the article highlights the need for harmonized regulatory reforms and enhanced cybersecurity training for crews and port operators. Collectively, these measures aim to strengthen the resilience of maritime communication systems and ensure that AIS continues to serve as a reliable component of navigational safety in an increasingly digitalized and threat-exposed maritime domain.

The digital transformation of maritime transport has created a highly interconnected cyber-physical environment in which navigation, communication, propulsion, cargo handling, port operations and shore-based services increasingly depend on software, network connectivity and continuous data exchange. This paper presents a structured review and system-oriented synthesis of cybersecurity vulnerabilities affecting contemporary maritime transport. Based on the reviewed literature, a five-class taxonomy is proposed comprising communication and positioning vulnerabilities, software and configuration vulnerabilities, network and architectural vulnerabilities, human and organisational vulnerabilities, and supply-chain and third-party vulnerabilities. The study further introduces a cyber-physical vulnerability chain linking a technical weakness with an attack vector, compromised maritime function, operational effect and potential safety or business consequence. The analysis indicates that system interdependency and propagation of untrusted information represent key characteristics of maritime cyber risk. Consequently, cybersecurity should move beyond protection of individual devices towards resilience of interconnected ship–shore–port ecosystems. The proposed taxonomy and propagation framework may support maritime cyber-risk assessment and the development of system-specific mitigation strategies.

The increasing integration of autonomous driving technologies into heavy-duty road transport requires a clear understanding of how these systems affect professional drivers’ working time, vehicle utilization, and regulatory compliance. This study develops a model-based comparative analysis to assess the cooperation between human drivers and autonomous trucks at SAE Levels 3 and 4. Using EU Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 as a legal framework, single-driver, double-driver, and ego vehicle scenarios were simulated to evaluate changes in working time classification and vehicle movement. The results indicate that Level 3 automation enables up to 13.25 h of daily vehicle movement while complying with working time regulations, compared with the 10-h limit for conventional operation. Level 4 automation further extends the effective movement time to 14.25 h in double-crew configurations, offering opportunities for increased efficiency without violating labor codes. The novelty of this work lies in the quantitative modeling of human–machine collaboration in professional transport under real regulatory constraints. These findings provide a foundation for regulatory updates, tachograph adaptation to AI-driven vehicles, and the design of hybrid driver roles. Future research will focus on validating these models in real-world transport operations and assessing the implications of Level 5 autonomy for logistics networks and labor markets.

The transition to green energy in the transport sector is becoming a priority in the context of global climate challenges and the European Green Deal. This paper investigates the development of alternative fuelling stations, particularly electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure and hydrogen stations, across EU countries with a focus on Poland. It combines a policy and technology overview with a quantitative scientific analysis, offering a multidimensional perspective on green infrastructure deployment. A Pearson correlation analysis reveals significant links between charging station density and both GDP per capita and the share of renewable energy. The study introduces an original Infrastructure Accessibility Index (IAI) to compare infrastructure availability across EU member states and models Poland’s EV charging station demand up to 2030 under multiple growth scenarios. Furthermore, the article provides a comprehensive overview of biofuels, including first-, second-, and third-generation technologies, and highlights recent advances in hydrogen and renewable electricity integration. Emphasis is placed on life cycle considerations, energy source sustainability, and economic implications. The findings support policy development toward zero-emission mobility and the decarbonisation of transport systems, offering recommendations for infrastructure expansion and energy diversification strategies.

This paper aims to thoroughly examine and compare advanced driver-assistance systems (ADASs) in the context of their impact on safety and driving comfort. It also sought to determine the level of acceptance and trust drivers have in these systems. The first chapter of this document describes the sensory detectors used in ADASs, including radars, cameras, LiDAR, and ultrasonics. The subsequent chapter presents the most popular driver assistance systems, including adaptive cruise control (ACC), blind spot detection (BSD), lane keeping systems (LDW/LKS), intelligent headlamp control (IHC), and emergency brake assist (EBA). A key element of this work is the evaluation of the effectiveness of these systems in terms of safety and driving comfort, employing a survey conducted among drivers. Data analysis illustrates how these systems are perceived and identified areas requiring improvements. Overall, the paper shows drivers’ positive reception of ADASs, with most respondents confirming that these technologies increase their sense of safety and driving comfort. These systems prove to be particularly helpful in avoiding accidents and hazardous situations. However, there is a need for their further development, especially in terms of increasing their precision, reducing false alarms, and improving the user interface. ADASs significantly contribute to enhancing safety and driving comfort. Yet, they are still in development and require continuous optimization and driver education to fully harness their potential. Technological advancements are expected to make these systems even more effective and user-friendly.

The maritime industry is increasingly adopting digital solutions to optimize operations, reduce costs, improve data processing speeds, promote sustainability, and enhance safety. Advances in information technology, particularly through satellite internet connections, have enabled seamless communication between IT and operational systems. However, these developments also introduce significant cybersecurity risks. To mitigate these challenges, international regulations, such as the IMO’s Maritime Cyber Risk Management Resolution (2021), and guidelines have been implemented, emphasizing the integration of cybersecurity into Safety Management Systems (SMS). Effective cybersecurity management requires a top-down approach, beginning with executive leadership and fostering a culture of cybersecurity throughout organizations. Frameworks like those developed by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) complement IMO guidelines by providing tools to assess and manage cyber risks, especially in offshore operations experiencing rapid technological advancements. The offshore sector, vital to renewable energy and maritime economy growth, faces unique risks due to its dependency on interconnected systems. Comprehensive measures are necessary to safeguard navigation, protect infrastructure, and ensure personnel safety while adhering to evolving regulatory and technological standards. This paper highlights the need for robust cybersecurity frameworks to secure maritime operations against emerging threats, including data breaches, system manipulation, and cyberattacks, which pose challenges to global trade and maritime safety.

This study examines maritime tourism in the Baltic Sea region. The first part presents basic information related to the maritime tourism market, along with the key aspects and effects that the maritime tourism market has on the regions where it takes place. The next part concerns the Baltic Sea. The location and characteristics of the Baltic Sea are briefly presented. Passenger shipping connections between Baltic ports are described. The last part is devoted to the analysis of statistical data in the Baltic Sea region, focusing on passenger exchange in selected ports and in the entire Baltic Sea over the years. Finally, the potential directions of the development of maritime tourism in the Baltic Sea are characterized.

For many years, the use of new computer systems to control various elements of everyday human life has been observed. Separate systems manage access control; others are used to control blinds and roller shutters; and others manage systems in the garden. Many of these systems can be integrated using available systems. This paper presents an example of an access control management system based on the Raspberry Pi microcomputer and shows an analysis of its performance, accuracy, and possibility of improvement. This study used official devices manufactured by the Raspberry Pi Foundation; however, it is possible to create a similar system with custom parts. This project used open-source software. The authors argued that it is possible to create an autonomous vehicle access control system using microcomputers and optical character recognition technology. Using simple devices, the plate recognition system was built and tested, proving the thesis that it is possible to build an access control system using available devices. This also confirms the thesis that microcomputers can be used to control other systems in the human environment.