José Fernández-Cortés

El estudio de la inclusión se corresponde en el contexto educativo con el entendimiento de la equidad como un derecho universal, donde a su vez, se debe promover la aceptación de la diferencia y la diversidad. Por tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar los documentos relacionados con la educación inclusiva en el área de Educación Física, con la finalidad de conocer los procesos evaluativos que se emplean. Por ello, se ha realizado una búsqueda de los manuscritos en la base de datos de Web of Science mediante el empleo de las palabras clave “Physical education”, “Inclusion”, y “Evaluation”, así como se ha utilizado el operador booleano “AND”. Se identificaron 69 estudios y tras el proceso de cribado fueron seleccionados 6 manuscritos. Los resultados muestran una diversidad en cuanto al nivel educativo de la muestra, incluyendo docentes de Educación Física desde los primeros niveles hasta niveles superiores, así como en estudiantes. Dentro de las metodologías de investigación empleadas para evaluar la inclusión en el área de Educación Física, se encuentran desde estudios cualitativos para conocer las percepciones y actitudes de los docentes, hasta estudios de carácter cuantitativo para obtener información relacionada con variables sociodemográficas. Mediante su análisis, se puede concluir que las estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje, los programas y modelos didácticos desarrollados, los conocimientos y la calidad de formación del profesorado, así como el reconocimiento de las percepciones de los estudiantes pueden favorecer actitudes positivas hacia la inclusión desde la evaluación en el área de Educación Física.

Artificial Intelligence is understood as the set of computer algorithms that are used to make technology similar to human intelligence. In addition, it enables everyday actions such as learning, reasoning and problem solving. In the field of education, Artificial Intelligence is of great importance, as it allows teachers to give immediate feedback, personalise learning, predict results and improve digital competences. Therefore, due to the importance and benefits of integrating Artificial Intelligence in the educational field, it is essential to initiate different reviews to analyse its use. The aim of the present study was to develop a bibliometric review related to the use of Artificial Intelligence in the area of Physical Education. The Web of Science database was used, using the search phrase: "Artificial Intelligence" and "Physical Education", obtaining a total of 108 valid documents. The results show the great growth of this subject, with a 55% increase in the last 6 years. In this way, it can be seen that most of the studies have been carried out by researchers from China, due to the fact that they are the population with the highest number of studies and citations. Likewise, the scientific evidence found after carrying out this work shows the importance of the inclusion of Artificial Intelligence in the field of education, and specifically in the area of Physical Education, since it facilitates all the processes that must be carried out in the scientific community. Physical Education teachers must be aware of the importance of incorporating didactic tools and a thoughtful pedagogical approach to deliver effective and innovative education.

Due to the worldwide negative impact on sports caused by the COVID-19. The aim was to analyze the influence of the pandemic on playing styles, measured through the interaction of game indicators, to verify the existence of the home advantage effect at three different time points in the Spanish top professional league. To achieve this, 5320 cases (2660 matches) from the 2014/2015 season to 2020/2021of LaLiga were analyzed. All seasons unfolded normally except for the 2019/2020 season, which experienced a three-month hiatus of inactivity due to the pandemic. During the 2020/2021 season, matches began without spectators or with a limited number of fans to maintain the allowed social distance. A descriptive analysis and classification trees using the CRT technique were performed to identify playing styles. The results showed a simplification of the game throughout the seasons. Visiting teams adapted better to more effective playing styles to achieve better results. These differences may be attributed to rule changes, the total/partial absence of spectators, a three-month inactivity period, and the accumulation of matches in a short period of time. Teams should take into account the different situations analyzed in order to display an effective playing style to achieve their different objectives. Keywords: Notational Analysis; Playing style; Classification tree; Performance indicators.

The unprecedented COVID-19 health crisis severely disrupted global sports in 2020, prompting lengthy suspensions followed by resumed competitions under abnormal behind-closed-doors conditions without fans. These disruptions necessitated tactical adaptations by coaches and teams, attempting to still achieve successful outcomes. This study investigates the pandemic’s impacts on performance metrics and indicators within Spanish professional soccer. Utilizing systematic notational analysis, 760 match cases from the 2019–2020 La Liga season were examined, comprising 27 matchdays from the pre-COVID context and 11 after resumption. Multivariate tests identified significant pre/post differences and interactions for various technical indicators including shots, cards, corners, and offside calls. The pandemic was associated with a reduction from 12 to just 5 identifiable playing styles, suggestive of increased conservatism featuring more passive play, limited attacking depth, and horizontal ball movement. Such tactical changes appear provoked by condensed fixture scheduling post-lockdown, the lack of supportive crowds, and compromised player fitness/recovery. By quantifying these COVID-precipitated changes, the analysis provides tangible evidence for coaches to make informed adjustments in training and preparation for functioning effectively in disrupted environments. The findings emphasize that versatility and flexibility will be vital to optimize performance during times of unprecedented uncertainty.

Soccer is dominated by game indicators that can influence the performance of teams and their players. Therefore, this study analyzed the influence of game indicators on the partial and final ranking of Spanish LaLiga teams, independently for the pre-COVID-19, COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 periods. In addition, the statistical differences between the pandemic periods were identified. A total of 2660 Spanish LaLiga matches played over seven seasons (from the 2014–2015 to the 2020–2021 season) were analyzed. The game indicators analyzed were the yellow cards, red cards, ball possession, total shots, shots on goal, shots off goal, free kicks, corners, offsides, goalkeeper saves, fouls committed, attacks, dangerous attacks, total passes, and tackles. Data were collected from the official Spanish LaLiga website, and recorded on a post hoc observation sheet. The intra-observer concordance was almost perfect (Cohen’s kappa values > 0.83). In each pandemic period, the findings indicated that the statistically significant game indicators had a greater influence on the final ranking, with an intermediate and large effect (η² ≥ 0.060), than on the partial ranking (little or no effect). In this regard, the LaLiga teams ranked in a European competition position (final ranking) reported a higher ball possession (p < 0.001) and total passes (p < 0.001). A higher ball possession allowed them to take more shots (offensive actions), and therefore to have a better chance of winning. Similarly, these game indicators were higher post-COVID-19, compared to pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19. This is interesting information for the preparation and management of matches.

Due to the worldwide negative impact on sport of the COVID-19 pandemic declared by the WHO in 2020, the first aim of this study was to analyze the influence of COVID-19 on performance indicators as a natural experiment, according to the moment in time: pre-COVID, COVID and post-COVID. The second aim was to analyze and ascertain the persistence of the performance indicators (PIs) over the analyzed seasons. To this end, 5320 teams’ match data corresponding to the 2014/2015 to 2020/2021 seasons of the LaLiga (first division of Spanish men’s soccer) were analyzed. All the seasons developed normally except the 2019/2020 season in which there was a three-month hiatus because of the COVID-19 pandemic, representing a natural experiment without spectators. Statistical tests including ANOVA, general multivariate linear analysis with three independent variables (covidtime, venue and result) and an autocorrelation were performed. The results obtained showed that there were significant differences in the PIs regarding the moment in time, the result, the venue, and the pairwise interactions among them. The evolution of the PIs has changed over the years, showing a decrease in the means of most of them, leading to a more passive game with tighter results; differences which could be generated by the change in the rules (from 3 to 5 substitutions), the total or partial absence of spectators, three months of confinement and inactivity, or the accumulation of matches and minutes played by the individual players. The teams’ technical staffs should bear all of these types of situations in mind as the seasons evolve to adapt as quickly as possible to a more effective game style in order to achieve objectives.

The intervention of female basketball Players during competition has not been widely studied. In addition, it is necessary to differentiate their intervention according to the specific position they occupy. The intervention of the Players is in turn conditioned by the competitive phase. The objectives of this work were to identify the differences in the performance indicators in professional basketball Players based on their role and discover the differences in the performance indicators based on the competition phase. For this, an empirical, descriptive and observational study was carried out, analyzing 572 matches of the 78 days of the regular phase and 20 of the Play-Offs between the 2015/2016, 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons. The game indicators recorded by the competition were normalized according to the minutes Played in order to make comparisons. The Mann-Whitney U Test was performed to identify differences in performance indicators between specific roles in function of competition phase. A change in the intervention of the Players is identified depending on the competition phase. The bases have a greater contribution in the field shots and 2 points during the regular league. Guards and power forwards increase their effectiveness in the Play-Offs on 3-point shooting. Power forwards during the regular season provide more free throws. Finally, during the PlayOffs, the collective game is favored by the contribution of the bases through assists and the defensive game with the contribution of the pivots, through rebounds and the defensive intensity of the forwards. Relevant information can have important applications such as training preparation, prior planning of the competition, making changes to matches, specific instructions on Players and making signings that meet the needs of the team.

Una de las estrategias más empleadas para la optimización de las tareas de entrenamiento es modificar el número de jugadores, las Situaciones de Juego. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la influencia de la Situación de Juego en variables de Carga Externa y Organizativas empleadas por un entrenador para la planificación de sus entrenamientos en un equipo de categoría infantil de baloncesto. Se analizaron 15 sesiones de entrenamiento formadas por 91 tareas durante la temporada 2019/2020, registradas a través del Sistema Integral para el Análisis de las Tareas de Entrenamiento (SIATE). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables y un análisis inferencial para conocer las relaciones y asociaciones entre ellas. Según los resultados, existe relación significativa entre la Situación de Juego y las variables de Carga Externa (Grado de Oposición, Densidad de la Tarea, Número de Ejecutantes Simultáneos, Carga Competitiva de la Tarea, Implicación Cognitiva, Carga de la Tarea y Carga de la Tarea por Tiempo) y las variables Organizativas (Tiempo Total de la Tarea, Tiempo de Explicación, Aprovechamiento, Participación y Valor de la Participación). Los resultados demostraron que las variables de Carga Externa y Organizativas de las tareas de entrenamiento están condicionadas por la Situación de Juego.

Studies that analyze the actions carried out by paddle tennis players during the point are scarce. The present investigation characterizes every action in which a stroke by a pair in a defensive position sends the ball over the position of a pair in an offensive position. It is a descriptive and observational study of quantitative methodology. The sample consisted of 1324 actions, statistical analysis units, from the women’s circuit in the 2018 World Padel Tour (WPT) season. For this study, various situational, dependent, and independent variables were analyzed. The results showed the number of times the categories of each variable occurred, as well as the significant relationships between the independent variable kind of hit and the dependent variables “actions that facilitate the possible change of position” (AFPCP) and “incidences in the game” (IG). The conclusion is that the lob is the most effective kind of hit (CSR = 4.9) to achieve the offensive position (CSR = 11.4), even if the point does not finish (CSR = 5.8), leading to more position exchanges during the same point in the AFPCP. These findings are of great interest since they give information about how and why certain behaviors produce a certain result.