Gyas Khan

The growing global demand for efficient and eco‐friendly energy storage technologies has accelerated research on advanced functional materials for batteries and supercapacitors. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of materials used in both energy storage systems, emphasizing the relationship between material composition, structural characteristics, and electrochemical performance. Different types of electrode materials, like transition metal oxides, carbon‐based nanomaterials, conducting polymers, and emerging two‐dimensional materials, are systematically discussed with respect to their synthesis strategies, interfacial characteristics, and energy storage mechanisms. Moreover, the review critically examines the major challenges associated with existing electrode materials. Furthermore, recent developments in flexible, wearable, and solid‐state energy storage devices are highlighted because of their increasing importance in portable electronics and smart technologies. Finally, future perspectives focusing on scalable production methods, low‐cost fabrication, environmental sustainability, and multifunctional high‐performance materials are discussed to support the advancement of next‐generation sustainable energy storage systems.

As cysteine is a proteolytic enzyme present in Tabernaemonatana divaricate latex, the primary goal of this study was to isolate and determine its nanoemulgel formulation for the management of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) using different experimental animal models. The effect of the formulated nanoemulgel of isolated protease from the latex of T. divaricata (NPLT) at the doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg on managing FGID was screened using four models: food-related model, anti-diarrheal model, water avoidance stress model, and elevated plus maze. Additionally, serotonin levels were measured using a fluorimeter to analyze the impact of the protease on monoamine levels and correlate its mechanism of action. Based on the results of the foresaid models, it was determined that NPLT have anti-FGID properties at both doses (p<0.0001; p<0.05). Elevated brain serotonin level was postulated to be the reason behind its potentiality against FGID. The study showed that the novel formulation nanoemulgel of the proteases from plant T. divaricate latex can help FGID patients by stimulating serotonin release in brain cells.

Emerging evidence reveals that interactions between the nervous system and tumor biology significantly influence cancer progression, metastasis, and therapeutic outcomes. Here, we elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms that underpin tumor development, highlighting the dynamic role of neural components within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Neural signals and structural adaptations in the TME stimulate tumorigenesis and enable cancer cell plasticity, mimicking neurodevelopmental processes. Astrocytic glial cells release neurotrophic factors that support metastatic colonization and enhance tumor cell survival. Notably, cancer cells can establish pseudo-tripartite synapses with neurons, promoting both proliferation and invasion. We explore the cancer-neural network interplay, emphasizing how axonal remodeling, circuit reorganization, and synaptic dysfunction not only drive tumor growth but also contribute to associated symptoms like seizures and chronic pain. Molecularly, mutations such as in PIK3CA and abnormalities in neurotransmitter signaling reveal how neurotumors communicate and adapt. Furthermore, metabolic stress responses from tumor cells can activate nociceptive neurons, sustaining malignant progression. Understanding these neurobiological interactions opens avenues for novel therapeutic strategies. Precision neuro-oncology may benefit from targeting neurotrophic signaling, synaptic pathways, and neuronal differentiation programs. Advances in biomarker research from neurotumors also contribute to improved diagnostic and prognostic tools. By integrating neuroscience insights into oncological frameworks, we propose a paradigm shift toward therapies that intercept the neural circuitry sustaining malignancies. This neuro-oncological approach holds promise in addressing aggressive cancer phenotypes and improving patient outcomes.

The use of CRISPR-Cas9 to engineer cancer cell lines has made it possible to precisely examine how cancer cells react to different drugs and therapies. Some of the key improvements are in the use of Mediator Complex Subunit 12 (MED12)-knockout cells to study cell resistance to BRAF inhibitors, CRISPR models of epithelial-mesenchymal transition for breast cancer, and pharmacogenomic analysis in various cancer cell lines. CRISPR is used in immunotherapy to help Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cells function better by disrupting the immune checkpoints like Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) and Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte- associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and to adapt T cells to react with various antigens. As a result of these innovations, it is now possible to track how cancers like non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and ovarian cancer evolve, change their epigenetic features, and find strategies to reverse their resistance. Moving forward, integrating AI analytics, single-cell multi-omics, patient-derived organoids, and CRISPR mechanisms will help improve precision oncology and speed up effective treatment planning.

Crocus sativus (saffron) is a valuable medicinal plant with a rich phytochemical profile, including bioactive carotenoids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The key constituents of saffron, crocin, crocetin, picrocrocin, and safranal, exhibit potent neuroprotective properties, with crocin, a water-soluble carotenoid, plays a crucial role in promoting neurogenesis and mitigating depressive symptoms. Depression, affecting approximately 280 million individuals globally (WHO, 2023), is closely associated with impaired neurogenesis, highlighting the need for novel treatment strategies. Crocus sativus, particularly in its nanotherapeutic form, shows promise in the treatment of depression by effectively crossing the blood-brain barrier and modulating neurotransmitter systems. In addition to its carotenoids, saffron contains flavonoids, such as kaempferol and quercetin derivatives, which contribute to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This review explores the phytochemical composition of Crocus sativus, its role in neurogenesis, and its potential as a therapeutic agent for depression and neurodegenerative disorders.

Cancer is still one of the most serious and life-threatening diseases in humans, and the conventional chemotherapies, radiation treatments, and surgical methods have yet to provide an effective resolution due to some drawbacks concerning drug resistance, general toxicity, and poor targeting to tumor sites. To surmount these challenges, some innovative approaches are under exploration; hence, the emergence of more promising solutions in the format of nanotechnology that combine with stem cell (SC)-based drug delivery systems (DDS). Its advantages include autonomous proliferative potential and the ability to clonally generate various cell types, leading to malignant transformation. Additionally, they possess an innate ability to migrate toward tumor sites, making them highly effective vectors for targeted DDS. The integration of nanotechnology with SCs offers several benefits, such as controlled release of therapeutic molecules, improved bioavailability, and reduced systemic toxicity. These advantages may provide the opportunity to improve cancer therapy with fewer side effects than those resulting from conventional treatments. This review has focused on the emerging role of SC-nanotechnology-based DDS as a new era in targeted cancer treatment and has emphasized enhancing therapeutic outcomes with a more precise approach to cancer therapy.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the DMD gene, leading to progressive muscle degeneration, loss of ambulation, cardiomyopathy, and early mortality. While advances in multidisciplinary care and pharmacological interventions, including corticosteroids and exon-skipping therapies, have improved patient outcomes, current treatments primarily provide symptomatic relief without addressing the underlying genetic defect. Gene therapy has emerged as a promising approach to modify disease progression, particularly through the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated delivery of micro-dystrophin constructs. These truncated genes retain essential functional domains, enabling the restoration of dystrophin expression within the packaging limits of AAV vectors. Early-phase clinical trials have demonstrated encouraging safety profiles and transgene expression; however, challenges such as immune responses, variability in functional improvement, and long-term durability remain. Recent innovations, including optimized AAV capsids, immunomodulatory strategies, and genome editing technologies like CRISPR-Cas9, are actively being explored to overcome these barriers. Additionally, scalable vector manufacturing and the integration of real-world data are essential for broader clinical translation. This review synthesizes current advancements, clinical milestones, and future directions in gene therapy for DMD, emphasizing the need for precise dosing, long-term efficacy, and equitable access to fully realize the therapeutic potential of these evolving strategies.