Amparo Mauricio-Gutiérrez

En Tehuacán, Puebla, México, las aguas residuales de origen textil contienen el colorante azul índigo. En la presente investigación se evaluó la capacidad de biodecoloración de este colorante en cepas nativas de Trichoderma harzianum aisladas de suelos agrícolas afectados por la industria textil. Para ello, se analizaron parámetros físicos y químicos de muestras de aguas residuales textiles y suelo agrícola contaminado con azul índigo. En las aguas residuales los parámetros estuvieron fuera de la norma oficial mexicana con una concentración de azul índigo de 0.364 g/L, Conductividad Eléctrica (0.020 dS/cm), Sólidos Suspendidos Totales (326.667 mg/L), Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno (437 mg/L), Demanda Química de Oxígeno (706 mg/L), Nitrógeno Total Kjeldahl (78.042 mg/L), Fósforo Total (10.89 mg/L) y Sulfuros (163.758 mg/L). En el suelo agrícola, además de medir la concentración de azul índigo que fue de 0.083 g/L se tomaron muestras, y fueron identificados dos cepas de hongos como T. harzianum, Buap Tehazo 1 y Tehazo 2 con base en secuencias ITS. Las cepas mostraron una tolerancia a 0.2 g/L de azul índigo en medio mineral y la capacidad de biodecolorar 122.6 mg/L y 148.6 mg/L de azul índigo, respectivamente, transformándolo en isatina, acorde al análisis de espectroscopía UV-Vis y FTIR. Estos resultados indican que las cepas de T. harzianum pueden biodecolorar el azul índigo con un proceso oxidativo y generar isatina producto de la reacción.

In Tehuacán, Puebla, Mexico, the agricultural sector is primarily dedicated to corn cultivation, which is reflected in the region’s economy, culture, and diet. This sector follows an agro-industrial production model dependent on pesticides and chemical fertilizers, which impacts both soil health and the population’s well-being. The objective of this study was to assess cytotoxic damage using the Buccal Micronucleus Cytome Assay (BMCA) in a population engaged in agricultural activities in San Diego Chalma, Tehuacán, Puebla, Mexico. Sociodemographic parameters were analyzed, along with the buccal micronucleus cytome assay, in a sample of 35 individuals composed of an agricultural group (18) and a control group (17). The agricultural group showed a significantly higher number of total micronucleated cells (Median = 714), which was 19.8 times greater than the non-agricultural group. Age, sex, basic education level, time of residence, and involvement in agricultural activities were key factors contributing to the development of buccal cell micronuclei, in addition to the use of pesticides as lambda-cyhalothrin, spinetoram, ethoprophos, carbofuran, methomyl, and chlorpyrifos ethyl without safety measures. There was an increased risk of developing micronucleated cells in males from the control group (OR = 2.386, 95% CI = 2.123–2.681) and in individuals aged 30–59 years (OR = 16.464, 95% CI = 14.315–18.935). The agricultural population for the 0–29 years presented a risk probability developing micronucleated cells of 99.8% in men and 99.9% in women, with a higher risk observed in women and in individuals who had lived their entire lives in San Diego Chalma, where they are continuously exposed to pesticides. Therefore, it is crucial to provide guidance, training, and improved public policies in the region of Puebla, Mexico.

The cultivation systems of Coffea spp. in a cooperative society in Puebla, Mexico, include Rustic, Traditional Polyculture, Commercial Polyculture, Unshaded Monoculture and Shaded Monoculture. In this work, the properties of the soil were analyzed through physical, chemical and biological analyses to determine its nutritional status. Composite sample analyses were conducted to determine physical, chemical and microbiological parameters (fungi, actinomycetes, mesophilic bacteria, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria). Leaf nutrients were determined. Rustic was the cropping system with the highest amount of K in the soil and nutrient assimilation in the leaf (N, P, K and Fe) (p = 0.001); in addition, it had high populations of mesophilic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes and very low nitrification and denitrification rates. The principal component analyses (PCA) (>3.25%) indicated that actinomycetes and K in soil favor the assimilation of Fe, K and P. This Coffea spp. cultivation system generated a lower impact on soil health than the rest of the systems and favored forest ecosystem conservation.

The cultivation systems of Coffea spp in a cooperative society in Puebla, Mexico, include rustic, traditional polyculture, commercial polyculture, unshaded monoculture and shaded monoculture. In this work, the properties of the soil were analyzed through physical, chemical, and biological analysis to determine its nutritional status. Composite sample analyses were conducted to determine physical, chemical and microbiological parameters (fungi, actinomycetes, mesophilic bacteria, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria). Leaf nutrients were determined. Rustic was the cropping system with the highest amount of K (0.76 cmol kg-1) in soil and nutrient assimilation in leaf (N= 2.79%, P= 660.01, K= 17297.22 and Fe= 271.24 mg kg-1) (p= 0.001); in addition to presenting high populations of mesophilic bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes (30.16, 0.59 and 0.83 respectively, x10 6 CFU g-1 soil) and very low nitrification and denitrification rates. The principal component analysis (PCA) (>3.25%) indicated that actinomycetes and K in soil favor the assimilation of Fe, K and P. This Coffea spp cultivation system had a lower impact on soil health than the rest of the systems and favored forest ecosystem conservation.

In Mexico, one of the principal natural resources is oil, however, the activity related to it has generated hydrocarbon spills on agricultural soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biodegradability of diesel by means of indigenous bacteria isolated from agricultural soil contaminated with 68 900 mg kg(-1) diesel. We examined indigenous bacterial strains in agricultural soils contaminated with diesel from Acatzingo, Puebla. Mexico. We performed a physicochemical soil characterization, and a bacterial population quantification favoring sporulated bacteria of the genera Bacillus and Paenibacillus taken from the study site. Six bacterial strains were isolated. The identification was made based on the 16S rRNA gene and API systems. The tolerance and biodegradation capacity in diesel were determined at 4 000 to 24 000 mg L-1 of diesel. Residual concentrations of diesel were determined by GC-FID. Soil contaminated with diesel alters the concentrations of organic matter, phosphorus and nitrogen. Analysis of soil samples showed heat resistant bacterial populations of 10(6) cfu g(-1) dry soil. Six strains from soil pollution were identified - Pseudomonas stutzeri M1CH1, Bacillus pumilus M1CH1b, Bacillus cereus M1CH10. Bacillus subtilis M1CH15a. and Paenibacillus lautus strains M1CH19 and M1CH27. These bacteria showed different degradation behavior. Bacillus pumilus M1HC1b and Paenibacillus lautus M1CH27 use diesel oil as the sole carbon source. Bacillus pumilus degraded high concentrations of diesel (24 000 mg L-1), while for Paenibacillus lautus it became toxic and the degradation was less.

Agriculture is one of the primary activities in the municipality of Acatzingo, Puebla, Mexico. Agricultural fields are affected by the indiscriminate use of pesticides and hydrocarbon spills, which expose inhabitants to the development of infectious diseases. In the present study, we assessed the likelihood of developing infectious diseases associated with environmental contamination (pesticides and hydrocarbons) in various areas of the municipality of Acatzingo, Puebla, Mexico. A questionnaire was applied to 425 people in four areas of two locations divided according to exposure to hydrocarbons and pesticides. We conducted a binomial analysis using a binary logistic regression model, and the odds ratio (OR) was calculated at p ≤ 0.05. The development of infectious diseases is significantly associated with the geographical zone (p = 0.001). The population of Acatzingo de Hidalgo had a higher predicted probability (54.8%) of developing infections. Zone 3, which is exposed to hydrocarbons, had twice the probability of contracting infections (OR = 1.833, p = 0.093). Factors such as tobacco or alcohol consumption, gender, and age did not influence the development of infectious diseases. However, minors, businesspeople, and individuals with chronic degenerative diseases were more likely to contract infectious diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to implement control and regulation in managing pesticides and hydrocarbon spills to mitigate environmental contamination and the associated risks to human health.

Forests are important for their economic, ecological, and social contribution to humanity. However, there is a decrease in the forest mass due to different causes such as fire, intensive agriculture, overgrazing, air pollution, and the presence of pests and diseases of fungal origin. A practice to deal with diseases caused by fungi has been the application of broad-spectrum, fungicides with negative consequences on the environment. Biological control is an alternative for disease management in pine species. Due to the need to conserve the diversity of pine species, this review addresses issues relevant to the importance of forests in the world, diseases in Pinus spp., fungal control by chemical and biological agents, referring to different biological control mechanisms and the most studied biofungicides such as Trichoderma sp. and Bacillus sp. in Pinus spp. The various scientific reports on the biological control of fungi in different pine species places it as a promising option in reducing the pathogenicity and incidence of fungal diseases with less negative effects on the environment than synthetic pesticides of chemical origin. Therefore, this review aims to transmit information on biological control in pine trees as a friendly alternative for the recovery of forests.

En México existen extensas áreas de suelos contaminados por hidrocarburos, provocando un perjuicio económico y social para la producción agrícola, en este sentido, surge la necesidad de buscar alternativas económicas que permitan contribuir con la recuperación de suelos agrícolas afectados. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la biodegradación de diésel en un suelo agrícola utilizando sustratos residuales (SR) de Agaricus bisporus. Se utilizó suelo contaminado a 7 039 ppm de diésel con diferentes dosis de SR, incubados por 28 días a 37 ºC. Se determinó la producción de CO2, biodegradación de diésel, población inicial y final de hongos, así como actividad enzimática específica de lacasas inicial y final. En todos los tratamientos aumentó la remoción significativamente (p= 0.001) a 37 oC, así como las tasas de producción de CO2. El tratamiento T4 presentó el mayor porcentaje de biodegradación de diésel (68.747%) y una producción acumulativa final de 6.144 x 10-4 mmol CO2 m-3. La actividad de lacasas y poblaciones de hongos tolerantes disminuyeron en todos los tratamientos; además las bacterias aumentaron de 7.6 a 8.9 log UFC gss-1. Por lo que la actividad de biodegradación de diésel se atribuye a una bioaumentación y bioestimulación por parte del sustrato residual de A. bisporus.

Beans are the most cultivated legume in the world. In Mexico, it is the second most important crop after corn (FAO 2020; SIAP 2020). Bean plants “Flor de Mayo M38” variety were affected by a foliar...