Vladimir Sergeevich Teterin

This study is devoted to the quantitative assessment of the level of biological risk of the emergence and spread of infectious and parasitic potato diseases based on environmental stability parameters. The study examined the survival conditions of pathogens in soil, water systems, and on various environmental objects, classified according to the criterion of internal and external localization of pathogens. In this study, we conducted a scoring and rating analysis of the threats of potato infection by pathogens of bacterial, viral, helminth, and mycotic etiology, which pose a danger in terms of infection and death of plantings, significant yield losses, as well as deterioration of the quality of commercial and seed potato tubers. Particularly dangerous are species characterized by high survival in the external environment while retaining virulent properties. The developed system implied regular monitoring and updating of data on the emergence of pathogens with new forms of resistance. Phytosanitary control in the context of global trade requires systematization of available data on pathogens of infectious and parasitic potato diseases in order to promptly identify pathogens and prevent their further spread. The use of a scoring and rating approach increases the objectivity of phytosanitary risk assessment and can serve as a scientific basis for managerial decision-making aimed at reducing the epiphytotic potential of pathogens and ensuring stable potato production.

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the process of obtaining organomineral fertilizers using an artificial neural network to control technological parameters. The purpose of the work is to improve the technical means of producing organomineral fertilizers by developing and justifying the parameters of an automation system based on an artificial neural network that ensures the production of a product with specified and stable quality characteristics. The laboratory studies were conducted using a setup that includes a reactor with a paddle mixer and a disintegrator. Lowland peat with a degree of decomposition of at least 25% and brown coal with a humic acid content of up to 40% were used as raw materials. Extraction was carried out using potassium hydroxide. The variables were the alkali application rate (10–50 g/kg of raw material) and the process duration (0.5–1.5 h). The content of humic and fulvic acids was determined using the spectrophotometric method. Based on the obtained data and literature sources, a database was created for training the neural network model. The optimal network architecture was determined using automated search using the AutoKeras library. The developed model was tested on a modernized production line. The research has shown that the most significant factor affecting the yield of target components is the amount of alkali applied. Additionally, the use of a trained artificial neural network has resulted in a 12.85% increase in the total content of humic and fulvic acids in the final product compared to the control. These findings highlight the potential for integrating neural network models into automation systems for the production of organic-mineral fertilizers to stabilize product quality and improve production efficiency.

The article presents the results of experimental studies on ensuring the environmental safety of agricultural production by using aerosol technology for pre-sowing seed treatment. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the parameters of a device for pre-sowing seed treatment of grain crops with hot fog of humic preparations, which ensures increased environmental safety of agricultural production and improved seed quality. The studies were carried out on a laboratory installation that includes a pickling chamber with guide shelves and a thermo-aerosol generator. The variables were the angle of inclination of the shelves (25–40°) and the number of shelves (3–7). It was found that the optimal parameters are 5 shelves with an angle of inclination of 32°, which provide a seed movement speed of 0.57 m/s and a uniform temperature field of 87–94%. These parameters allow for multiple seed-toaerosol contact in a closed chamber, preventing the loss of the product and its release into the environment. Laboratory tests on barley seeds of the Vladimir and Margret varieties showed that aerosol treatment with humic preparations increases germination energy by 5-10% and germination by 5-6% compared to the control, surpassing the traditional semi-dry method. The maximum efficiency was observed when using the Ecocost preparation: germination reached 98% compared to 92% in the control. It was noted that the use of hot fog eliminates the subsequent drying of seeds and prevents the release of preparations into the soil. The obtained results confirm that the proposed technology is an effective alternative to traditional seed treatment methods, providing high seed quality while reducing the environmental impact on agrocenoses.

The aim of the study is to develop a mathematical model of a separation device for an automated machine designed to clean potato tubers from soil, with the goal of preventing the removal of the fertile soil layer from the field and the possible further spread of potato plant diseases through contaminated soil. The process of interaction between the rod of the separating conveyor and the soil lump is considered. Graphs of the change in kinetic energy for soil lumps of different masses, depending on the rotation frequency of the slatted conveyor drive, are constructed. During the modeling process in the Mathcad environment, the mass of lumps was determined with a variation from 0.2 to 0.8 kg; the unloading height of the tuber nest was 0.3 m; the mass of the slatted conveyor was 23 kg; the radius of the drive shaft was 0.1 m; the angle of inclination of the conveyor relative to the horizon was 0.3491 rad. A graphical dependence of the change in kinetic energy loss on the rotation frequency of the slatted conveyor drive for lumps of different masses was determined. It was found that with an increase in the rotation frequency of the slatted conveyor drive, an increase in kinetic energy loss as a result of impact action is observed, while with an increase in the mass of the soil lump, a linear increase in this indicator is observed. The loss of kinetic energy as a result of the impact interaction of the rod of the separating conveyor and the soil lump will be equal to the work spent on the destruction of the soil lump as a result of falling onto the surface of the slat conveyor. It was determined that the mass entering the slat conveyor includes tops, potato tubers and soil. In turn, the quality of separation of the incoming mass will be determined by the distance between the rods and soil particles of a certain size. The results of the conducted modeling established that an increase in the efficiency of the cleaning process is observed when varying the frequency of oscillations of the web in the range of 45–60 Hz and a constant amplitude value of 0.03 m.

Relevance . The high agronomic efficiency of organomineral fertilizers, due to the humic substances they contain, is offset by the presence of insoluble ballast residues. These residues lead to equipment malfunctions, uneven application, and reduced nutrient availability by plants. The implementation of effective methods for cleaning organomineral fertilizers is critical to ensuring consistent product quality, increasing their competitiveness, and ensuring the smooth operation of agricultural machinery, which determines the practical significance of this work. The study methods included a comparative evaluation of the efficiency of three cleaning systems (cassette filters, a hydrocyclone, and a centrifugal separator) on a modernized organomineral fertilizer production line. Ballast residue content in the processed samples was monitored using sieve analysis and optical microscopy, followed by weighing of the ballast residue and statistical data processing. Results . The study compared the effectiveness of systems for removing ballast from organomineral fertilizers. It was found that cassette filters do not provide sufficient purification of organomineral fertilizers, leaving up to 13% ballast. Rational hydrocyclone design parameters were determined, ensuring impurity reduction to 8% with minimal product loss of 5.5%. The high efficiency of a centrifugal separator, ensuring impurity reduction to values in the range of 1–4%, was confirmed, but its dependence on preliminary load reduction was revealed. As a result, a two-stage combined process flowsheet for removing ballast from organomineral fertilizers was proposed.

Potato storage is a critical and labor-intensive operation, the effectiveness of which is determined by the design of machines used, as their proper functioning minimizes damage to the tubers. Therefore, a pressing issue is the justification of operating units design capable of minimizing dynamic loads on the product and ensuring uniform distribution. The aim of this study is to identify patterns for justifying the operating elements of an automated machine for stored potatoes. The research was conducted at Federal Scientific Center for VIM in 2024-2025 using SolidWorks and Excel. Research methods were based on a comprehensive theoretical approach combining mathematical statistics and the theory of random processes to describe the stochastic nature of changes in tuber heap density. The material transport process was modeled using a system of differential equations transformed into operator form to analyze the dynamic properties of the feeder as a nonlinear element with distributed delivery. A comparative analysis of three geometric shapes of the feeder working surface for their effect on tuber lifting speed was conducted: an Archimedes spiral, a logarithmic spiral and a hyperbolic spiral. The speed variation between studied surface types in the angle range of π/8–3π/8 is within 1–5%. It was found that with an increase in the rotation angle to π/2, only the surface constructed according to Archimedes spiral ensures a linear increase in lifting speed to a maximum value of 1.6 m/s, while the logarithmic and hyperbolic spirals provide an increase of only up to 1.0 m/s or a decrease in speed. The obtained patterns provide a scientific and technical basis for the design of automated potato loading machines for storage facilities, adapted for use on small farms with limited space. Using a feeder with a working surface designed according to an Archimedes spiral will improve productivity by increasing the feed rate, reducing damage to the product and ensuring a more uniform mound formation.

The paper considers the design of a coulter for the subsurface application of solid mineral fertilizers. The results of theoretical studies of the process of distribution of mineral fertilizer pellets in interaction with a fertilizer distributor are presented. Based on the optimization parameter, which was chosen as the distance of the pellets rebound from the center of the furrow being formed, the rational parameters of the angle of inclination of the multidirectional teeth of the distributor and their height above the soil surface were determined, and the values of the rational rate of falling of fertilizer pellets were established. The effective distribution of pellets was achieved at the values of the falling velocity from 1.5 to 3.5 m/s and the location of the multidirectional teeth above the soil surface of 0.15 m, with an angle of inclination from 5 to 6 °.

Relevance. In the context of the current sanctions policy, as well as within the framework of the federal scientific and technical program for the development of agriculture and its subprogram for the development of potato breeding and seed production in the Russian Federation until 2030, the issue of providing breeding and seed farms with a sufficient number of technical means for carrying out breeding work, in particular, high-automation machines for cultivar. Currently, no machines for carrying out these operations are manufactured in Russia, and foreign machines have a low level of automation and high requirements for the qualifications of operators working on them, on the basis of which an automated potato peeling machine with a digging working body equipped with buckets (forks) is proposed.The purpose of the research is a theoretical substantiation of the technical and technological parameters of the working bodies of a machine for cultivating potato and vegetable crops. Methods. The study assessed the force generated during the deepening and extraction of actuators of different designs, using methods of mathematical modeling of the operation of the excavation device in order to determine the forces acting on the mechanism.Results. In the course of the research, the main forces acting on the mechanism of the digging device during its operation were determined, as well as the influence of the designs of the buckets under consideration on the force of their deepening into the soil. The maximum values of the deepening force for an excavator-type bucket are 1500 N, and for a fork-shaped bucket 420 N, which allows us to determine the rational parameters of the digging mechanism, which should be equipped with two hydraulic cylinders creating a force of at least 1500 N for each bucket, and one hydraulic cylinder with a force of at least 750 N for extracting buckets with soil and plants.

Relevance. The use of mineral fertilizers helps to improve soil fertility, stimulates the growth and development of plants, which is achieved due to the availability of necessary nutrients. In turn, it is important to observe the correct application of fertilizers, which allows you to control the level of nutrients in the soil, preventing both their excess and deficiency. Currently, the main application of fertilizers falls on complex mineral fertilizers, while one of their disadvantages is that they may contain nutrients that will not be in demand by the plant, which can lead to a violation of the ecological balance. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of flour mixtures. When using mixtures, the determining factor is the uniformity of mixing, which is largely determined by the equipment used. In this regard, the urgent task is to develop a mixing equipment that meets the necessary indicators.Methods. During the research, the processes occurring in the mixing chamber of the developed mixing plant were studied using methods of mathematical analysis, graphical and mathematical modeling.Results. As a result of the research, it was found that during the operation of the mixing plant, the mixing quality is determined by the rotation frequency of the conical rotor. At the same time, the granules of mineral fertilizers after leaving the conical rotor, pouring into the collecting funnel, continue their movement along a spiral trajectory. During the movement of the granules along the surface of the rotating cone, as well as when moving through the funnel, their trajectories will intersect with each other, which will lead to their active mixing.

The article deals with applying solid mineral fertilizers within the framework of the precision farming system. The use of complex mineral fertilizer compositions in the fields with an uneven demand for macroelements leads to the bigger amount of fertilizer applied, which has a detrimental effect on the ecology, the physical condition of the soil and the crop itself. It is proposed to use fertilizer mixtures the composition of which has been adjusted in fertilizer mixing units. The existing mixers have been analyzed, the processes occurring during operation of the screw, drum and centrifugal mixers were simulated. The results of the simulation showed that the unevenness coefficient kс for the drum-type mixer was 8.6%, for the blade-type mixer 17.3, and for the centrifugal mixer 3.5%.