Tarek Alzahrani

Introduction: Giant hydronephrosis (GH) is a rare urological entity, described as more than 1 L of fluid contained in the renal collecting system. Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is the most common cause. GH if not discovered and managed early can result in long term complications. We present our experience in the late presentation of adult Giant hydornephrosis. Presentation of cases: We reviewed all the cases of patients with giant hydronephrosis who presented to our institute from December 2017–December 2019 at our institute. Pre-operative renal ultrasound, computed tomography with contrast and MAG-3 were performed on all patients to establish their diagnoses. The patients' demographic data, clinical presentation, preparatory investigations, indications for intervention, type of intervention, pre- and post-operative complications and durations of hospital stay were reported. Laparoscopic transperitoneal nephrectomy was completed in three cases without open conversion. One case proceeded to open conversion owing to a lack of space and severe adhesions. The mean operating time was 79.7 min (range: 65–95 min), estimated blood loss was 75 mL and the mean hospital stay was 4 days (range: 2–6 days). Discussion: The first case of GH was described in 1746. Since then, few cases have been described in the literature. A radiological definition, is the occupation of the hemi-abdomen by the kidney with a midline cross which is the height of five vertebral bodies. GH may be congenital or acquired. The most common presentation of GH is abdominal distention followed by fever and flank pain. Conclusion: When nephrectomy is indicated in giant hydronephrosis, the laparoscopic trans-peritoneal approach is feasible. Pre-operative decompression using a nephrostomy tube and suspension stitch use facilitate the surgery. Highlights:

Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) classically presents as a triad of hematuria, loin pain, and a palpable mass. However, Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) nowadays are more commonly present as incidental findings rather than symptomatic. Wunderlich syndrome is a rare first presentation of RCC. Presentation of case: We present a clinical case of spontaneous renal hemorrhage with unclear etiology that was treated with therapeutic embolization and was found to have renal mass after long follow up. Discussion and conclusion: In regards to treating Wunderlich syndrome, some authors favor angioembolization and follow up. Others proposed radical nephrectomy in conditions with no apparent etiology and normal contralateral kidney because of the high incidence of small renal tumors. Spontaneous perinephric hematoma of unknown etiology should be followed up regularly with a CT image for concerning of impending renal tumor Highlights:

Introduction: Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) has a low complication rate. While serious complications are rare, cardiac arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia, may occur. The etiology of these arrhythmias is poorly understood, but it appears to be due to stimulation of the heart by the shock waves. Objective: This study examines the effect of rotating the patient 15° to 20° when an arrhythmia occurs. Methods: Eight hundred nineteen patients were prospectively evaluated for arrhythmias during SWL. The initial patient position was dependent on the location of the stone and the body mass index (BMI) of the patient. If a sustained arrhythmia developed, treatment was withheld for 2 minutes and then recommenced. If the patient developed an arrhythmia again, the patient was rotated 15°–20° away from the original position and treatment recommenced. Results: Twenty patients developed significant arrhythmias during SWL. Arrhythmias occurred more frequently in patients with a lower BMI ( p < 0.01), of younger age ( p = 0.01), and with right-sided stones ( p = 0.035). After the first rotation, 11 patients had no further arrhythmias, and 4 patients had a reduction of their arrhythmia to unsustained minor arrhythmias that did not require cessation of the treatment. The remaining five patients required a second repositioning. Three of these patients required gated SWL to abolish the arrhythmia. Conclusion: Changing the position of the patient by rotating the patient by 15 to 20° can eliminate arrhythmias that develop during SWL.