Oleksiy Opryshko

An important issue in the sustainable development of agricultural engineering today is the use of biogas plants for the production of electricity and heat from the organic waste of agricultural products and other low-quality products, which also contributes to the improvement of environmental safety. Traditional methods for assessing the apparent severity of the Roslynnytsia campaign based on statistics from the dominions proved to be ineffective. A hypothesis was proposed regarding the possibility of estimating the apparent biomass by averaging the indicators of depletion and assessing the CH₄ and CO emissions based on satellite monitoring data. The aim of this work is to create a methodology for preparing a raw material base in united territorial communities to provide them with electrical and thermal energy using biogas plants. The achievement of this goal was based on solving the following tasks: monitoring biomethane emissions in the atmosphere as a result of rotting organic waste, and monitoring carbon monoxide emissions as a result of burning agricultural waste. Experimental studies were conducted using earth satellites on sites with geometric centers in the village of Gaishin in the Pereyaslav united territorial community, the city of Ovruch in the Zhytomyr region, the Oleshkovsky Sands National Park in the Kherson region (Ukraine), and the city of Jüterbog, which is located in the state of Brandenburg and is part of the Teltow-Fläming district (Germany). The most significant results of this research involve the methodology for the preparation of the raw material base in the united territorial communities for the production of biogas, based on indirect measurements of methane and carbon dioxide emissions using the process of remote sensing. Based on the use of the proposed scientific and methodological apparatus, it was found that the location of the territory with the center in the village of Gaishin has better prospects for collecting plant raw materials for biogas production than the location of the territorial district with the center in the city of Ovruch, the emissions in which are significantly lower. From March 2020–August 2023, a higher CO concentration was recorded on average by 0.0009 mol/m², which is explained precisely by crop growing practices. In addition, as a result of the conducted studies, for the considered emissions of methane and carbon monoxide for monitoring promising raw materials, carbon monoxide has the best prospects, since methane emissions can also be caused by anthropogenic factors. Thus, in the desert (Oleshkivskie Pisky), large methane emissions were recorded throughout the year which could not be explained by crop growing practices or the livestock industry.

To improve energy and environmental security in urban environments and in accordance with the requirements of the EU, the task of sustainable developing agriculture in urban agglomerations and monitoring it using satellite images becomes relevant. The aim of the work is the development of methods and means for determining stable islands of thermal energy to substantiate the optimal locations for plant growing practices in the metropolis. The research was conducted in Kyiv, the largest metropolis of Ukraine. Data from the Landsat 8 and 9 satellites were used because of the free data and they have better spatial resolution and an available archive of observation results. It was established that the temperature map of the city of Kyiv shows differences in temperature between different parts of the city, probably due to the presence of different sources of heat radiation. It is obvious that the standard deviation of the temperature in the plots depends on many factors, in particular, the season and the type of land use. It is necessary to find alternative solutions for the development of crop production in this area, taking into account the characteristics of thermal emissions. Based on software products from free satellite monitoring providers, EO Browser, a specialized software solution (web application) has been created for monitoring agricultural plantations in an urban environment. A collection of LANDSAT 8 satellite images was used. Areas with stable heat emissions were found, which are due to the operation of a modern shopping and entertainment center, and non-traditional crops for landscaping adapted to its design are proposed. As a result of research, strong heat emissions were recorded for some objects, for them the temperature exceeds the surrounding area by 4 °C, while the minimum standard deviation in January is 0.5 °C, the maximum in July is 2.8 °C, in April and October—1.7 °C and 1.2 °C, respectively.

Issues of quality and diversity of available food, environmental safety and guarantees of sustainable energy supply are becoming critical for the population of urban areas. Part of the urbanized areas cannot be used directly for food production for environmental reasons, but it is quite suitable for the production of energy from biomass. In order to create strategies for processing organic biomass from urban plantations of parks and squares, it is necessary to determine the tools for obtaining and interpreting data on the available and prospective amount of biomass in cities, which was the purpose of our work. Unmanned aerial vehicle studies were conducted at the Botanical Garden of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine using the Slantrange 3P multispectral sensor system from an industrialtype UAV platform. The study of squares and lawns of the city was conducted using an archive of satellite images in the visible range of high resolution — 0.5 m/pixel and a specialized agricultural service EO Browser with a resolution of images of 10 m/pixel. Monitoring of the park using the Slantrange 3P complex, with specialized SlantView software, allowed to identify tree crowns and grass cover, while it was not possible to distinguish vines. The best identification results for the Slantrange complex were obtained for the red and infrared measurement channels. Using satellite monitoring data, the possibility of identifying the biomass of trees and shrubs occurs in drought conditions, when the grass on the lawns suffers more than trees and shrubs, apparently due to the developed root system. It is noted that satellite imagery is usually carried out at different angles and, accordingly, fixed both roofs and partially walls of buildings, and accordingly, such imagery is more suitable for assessing the biomass of promising vertical landscaping with vines.

The method of work was the development of methods for express monitoring to ensure the visibility of mines in the fields. Operational surveillance of large areas is possible thanks to remote monitoring technologies, in addition to thermal imaging. When setting up the experiment, part of the ammunition was immediately buried in the soil to a depth of 2-5 cm. neither has been identified. The maximum temperature difference for min was recorded in the morning, and for massive projectiles it was recorded over the evening. Before the mines and shells were buried, during thermal imaging monitoring, buried areas and mounds in the area were recorded. Based on the low sampling rate of thermal imaging monitoring, neural measurements were used to indicate the placement of mines in a mechanical way on the ground. Positive results were obtained, which showed the effectiveness of image recognition at 82.5%.

Unmanned (remotely controlled) aircrafts (UAVs) are innovative equipment for monitoring fields that are free from a lot of the disadvantages of satellites such as availability, low cost, and high image resolution. However, the quality, reproducibility and suitability of spectral monitoring data of plantations for crop management processes remain topical issues. Since spectral monitoring is a necessary component in the concept of crop management, the development of a methodology for assessing the suitability of remote monitoring spectral data for the calculation of agrochemical practices was the purpose of the work. According to the publications, the dependence of the number of pixels on the values of the intensity of color components for plants and soil is described by the Gaussian distribution. Deviation from such distribution is caused by the imposing of distributions from various objects fixed on a photo. The experimental test was carried out on the basis of wheat, using the results obtained during 2017–2020 when considering the stresses of nutrient deficiency. UAVs with a specialized Slantrange spectral complex with standard Slantview software and an FC200 visible spectrum camera (from the Phantom 2 UAV) were used for monitoring. The investigation found experimental evidence that the pixel distribution of plantations on the example of the wheat crop is described by the Gaussian distribution. It was found that the analysis of the correspondence of the nature of the distribution on the spectral channels, namely the presence of several max peaks that affects the value of the distribution maximum may indicate the presence of foreign inclusions or a transitional stage of vegetation. The suitability of the data can be assessed on the basis of the reference values of the width of the distribution on the spectral channels. This determines the feasibility of introducing in the sets of regular vegetation indices of geographic information systems additional packages that reflect the spectral channels.

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles in crop production is one of the priority areas for increasing yields and maintaining soil fertility. Consideration of changes in the illumination of the objects under study is critical for spectral monitoring when using vision devices. To carry out an atmospheric correction, modern serial spectral monitoring complexes must have a standard anti-aircraft sensor fixed from the top of the unmanned aerial vehicle. With such a solution, a situation is quite possible when, during the flight, due to the inclination of the aircraft, the sensor systems are at an angle to the horizon, which will change, in particular, when the device is deployed, which can lead to false results. For budget vehicles created for purely monitoring purposes, the use of specialized sensors to control the angle of attack of the aircraft is considered a dubious decision for economic reasons. An alternative to specialized sensors can be software tools. Currently, there are no methods for the programmatic assessment of the suitability of automatic atmospheric correction of spectral data, the development of which was the purpose of the work. Field studies were carried out on October 30, 2019, in the Boryspil region on industrial crops of winter rapeseed and wheat. The monitoring was carried out from a height of 100 meters using the DJI Matrice 600 hexacopter, the Slantrange 3 sensor system. The spectral data were processed using the Slantview software standard for the sensor system, the uncorrected data were calculated in the MathCAD environment. It was found that when using the zenith sensor for atmospheric correction, compliance with the flight regime with respect to the wind direction is critical for the interpretation of the data obtained on the nature of the stresses of vegetation. For the first time for spectral control systems equipped with an anti-aircraft illumination control sensor, it was shown that it is necessary to control the flight mode parameter as an angle of attack because of its significant influence on the obtained spectral data. The authors proposed a method for checking the compliance of the shooting mode by the angle of inclination of the vehicle with the data corrected by the Slantrange system, based on the assessment of the geometry of the images obtained during flight in opposite directions. The methodology proposed by the authors for assessing the stress state of plants is suitable for processing and approximate data if the repeated flight of the unmanned aerial vehicle is impractical.

A separate group of substances with potential phytotoxicity are herbicides. These chemicals contain potent biologically active substances designed to destroy certain types of vegetation. Residues of some of these substances can be stored in the soil for several years, showing interaction with other substances and, undesirably, a negative effect on cultivated plants. With increasing use and range of herbicides, the risk of aftereffects increases significantly. A clear description of the drugs, the mechanism of their action is indicated in the regulations of their use. However, in production, as a rule, there are subjective and objective factors, as well as a number of random factors that can lead to the manifestation of adverse effects or after-effects of drugs. In order to determine the possibility of using spectral monitoring from the platform of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), research was carried out at the industrial fields and experimental experimental field of NUBiP of Ukraine, in the optical range, using the RGB camera and the Slantrange complex. The image processing was carried out using firmware (software), as well as the standard and stress indexes provided by the developer. Data obtained from the FC200 optical camera in RGB format was computed in the mathematical package MathCAD. It was found out that in winter crop rape, in the vegetative phase of 5-7 leaves, as a result of the action of the herbicide occurs anomalous coloring of the two lower leaves of the plant. To identify this feature in the optical range, the most informative are red and green channels. With the use of Slantrange 3 complex among the embedded stress indexes, SlantView software is the most informative of Veg. Fraction and Yield potential. It is shown that in order to increase the reliability of the data obtained, it is advisable to carry out additional research on the parameters of debugging the given system.

Crop management used in these technologies is one of the main trends in the modernization of agricultural technologies. To implement crop management, growers need accessible and effective information about the state of crops. The aim of the work is to develop a method of plant identification on multispectral images of high resolution for crops of continuous sowing on the example of winter wheat. The research was conducted on 03/17/2019 on winter wheat crops in the tillering vegetation phase, Mukan variety in production fields near the village of Horodyshche, Kyiv region. Aerial monitoring from a height of 100 meters was carried out using a spectral complex Slantrange 3p, mounted on a UAV UAV DJI Matrice 600. To extract the reference graphics data from Slantview made a copy of the screen in full screen mode of the image window. Statistical processing of graphical data of spectral monitoring results was performed in MathCad. It was found that the reliable establishment of the spectral portrait of the soil for its pixel-by-pixel filtering from multispectral images is a difficult task because its color significantly depends on the state of moisture, which may differ in open and shaded by plants. A more promising way to eliminate random inclusions is to use a spectral portrait of plants based on the intensity ratios of its spectral components. A promising parameter for assessing the condition of crops is to assess their area of heir horizontal surface, which can be determined by pixel analysis of the image. A filtering option is proposed, which, as in the solutions implemented in Slantview software, needs to be debugged. In further researches it is expedient to consider questions of methodical maintenance of an estimation of quality of a filtration of data of spectral monitoring of vegetation.

Remote monitoring technology is a mandatory component of the crop management concept. The available solutions allow determining the presence of plant stress but not identifying its causes. A particular danger is presented by stresses of a technological nature, and chemical poisoning of plants due to the aftereffect of herbicides, compaction of the subsoil, and the like. Plant stresses of a technological nature lead to a decrease in plant immunity and, accordingly, special measures are needed to restore their productivity. Laboratory methods for analyzing stress, in particular, chemical poisoning of plants, are technologically complex and expensive, which prevents their widespread use. Remote sensing technologies are capable of identifying areas with manifestations of technological stresses since such stresses have characteristic features. As our studies have shown, a promising method for identifying plant areas with signs of technological stress is the method of leaf diagnostics. For such areas, it is necessary to carry out monitoring with the highest image resolution, it is assumed in the UAV flight program. Taking into account the above, the aim of the work was to develop an algorithm and software for its implementation of UAV flight planning for the identification of plant stresses of a technological nature. The software was developed in the cross-platform programming language Python, and it allowed processing maps of the distribution of vegetation indices (for experimental studies, maps were used that were created using the Slantrange spectral sensor system). The use of the algorithm, implemented in the cross-platform programming language Python, made it possible to identify the paths of movement of technological equipment, the contours of areas with close values of the vegetation index, and the main features of areas with plant stress of a technological nature. The accuracy of identifying areas with technological stresses has been confirmed by ground surveys in production fields.

Crop monitoring using UAVs is becoming standard practice in scientific research due to the possibility of an operational examination of large fields with high data quality due to high-resolution images. The need for operational inspection of crops on an industrial scale requires a certain balance between the permissible image quality and the acceptable monitoring time due primarily to the number of UAVs and their energy. The newest and most relevant stress factor for Ukraine is technological stresses. The aim of the study is the optimal flight altitude for monitoring stresses of a technological nature. Field studies were carried out from September to November 2019 in the Boryspil region on industrial crops of winter rape. Monitoring was carried out using the Slantrange 3p complex. Stresses were recorded according to 2 parameters - the area of the dome and the abnormal coloration of the 2 lower leaves of red, yellow, and a mixture of these colors. The maximum quality of identification is achieved at the maximum resolution of the images, that is, the minimum height, however, the issues of UAV energy determine the maximum height and, accordingly, the flight speed for the UAV. Thus, the optimal compromise is between the determination accuracy and the production-appropriate flight parameters, that is, a lot of metric optimization is needed. As a generalized criterion, the criterion of consistent products was chosen, where the number of local optimization criteria is s = 3, and the weighting coefficients of the criteria are selected subjectively by experts. The proposed algorithm for choosing the optimal UAV flight altitude to identify the technological nature of the stress of winter rape crops will allow planning monitoring activities and justifying the choice of UAV parameters relative to the duration of its flight. The type of objective function used will allow specialists without specialized education in programming to solve the problem of multi-criteria optimization by its own weight coefficients. The proposed approach has no restrictions on the number of optimization parameters and the number of local optimality criteria and can be used when the user chooses his own indication indicators.