Žaklina Spalević

This paper examines how Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) is reshaping teaching and learning, drawing on a systematic literature review alongside policy analysis to explore practical applications, the theories behind them, and their governance consequences. Adopting the EU AI Act’s risk-based lens, we investigate the ways in which regulatory demands—ranging from transparency and data stewardship to human oversight and provider accountability—influence how AIED tools are built and taken up in practice. We group current uses into four areas—adaptive learning, intelligent assessment, learner profiling, and emerging tools—and read them through the prism of well-known learning theories such as constructivism. The analysis underscores that while these technologies hold real promise, several prominent use cases—automated grading and learner profiling, for instance— fall squarely within the EU AI Act’s higher-obligation categories, which means equity, explainability, and genuine human control are not optional but essential for public trust. On the basis of these findings, we put forward concrete, compliance-oriented recommendations aimed at helping educators, institutions, and policymakers deploy AI responsibly across varied educational settings.

This paper examines the fundamental distinction between classical deterministic programming and contemporary artificial intelligence systems, with particular emphasis on the legal consequences arising from the non-deterministic behavior of AI models. By analyzing the basic postulates of programming, the Softmax function as a key mechanism for output generation, and stochastic factors in training and generative processes, the paper demonstrates that artificial intelligence deviates from expected norms of predictability-an aspect that has far-reaching implications for the law of obligations, consumer protection, and tort liability regimes. In addition to a theoretical overview, the paper provides a legal analysis of the European Union's AI Act in the context of non-determinism, highlighting regulatory efforts to address this characteristic of AI models through a risk-classification system as well as technical and organizational requirements. The paper aims to contribute to an interdisciplinary understanding of AI-related challenges by positioning legal scholarship as a key factor in developing a new model of liability in the digital age.

In the history of French republicanism, five republics have been established, each differing in duration, institutional structure, and the types of political systems they introduced. A notable feature of the Constitution of 1793, which proclaimed the Republic one and indivisible, is that it never entered into force. Its significance lies in the abolition of the census-based electoral system and the introduction of universal suffrage. The organs of power provided for by this Constitution included the National Assembly, the Executive Council, the heads of republican administrative bodies, and the Court of Cassation. The revolutionaries were guided by noble but at the same time highly radical ideas. This is particularly reflected in the strongly democratic conception of the organization of the legislative branch. The Constitution is often described as establishing a weak government subordinate to the legislature, a legislature subordinate to the people, and the people as the ultimate sovereign over their representatives and judges of their work. This formulation represents a concise summary of the Constitution of 1793. It took fifty-five years for the Second Republic to be established after the First Republic inaugurated by the Constitution of 1793, following the Revolution of 1848. Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, was elected the first president in direct elections for a four-year term. In public discourse, he was referred to as the "Prince-President." Thus, for the first time in the history of French republican constitutionalism, the head of state emerged as a distinct constitutional organ. The President of the Republic held significant powers. For example, he had the right to submit draft legislation to the National Assembly through ministers, as well as to oversee and ensure the implementation of laws. Formally, he was the supreme commander of the armed forces. Relations between the President and the National Assembly were regulated by the President's obligation to submit annual reports on the general state of affairs of the Republic to the Assembly. In the field of foreign relations, the head of state was empowered to conduct negotiations and conclude treaties, subject to ratification. In its constitutional history, France has experimented with almost all systems of executive power organization, as briefly outlined in this paper. This raises the question of what kind of executive power system was established in the Second French Republic. Our conclusion is that it represented a specific form of mixed regime, in which the constitutional drafters appear to have taken the American presidential system as a model. However, the short duration of the Second Republic-closely linked to the single presidential mandate of the head of state as the sole executive authority-prevents a fully precise determination of the legal nature of this constitutional and political system. A clearer understanding of its institutional framework would require a longer period of political practice, including the exercise of the presidential function by multiple officeholders. Thus, the Second Republic is often regarded primarily as a transitional political framework that ultimately paved the way for the establishment of an authoritarian regime in monarchical form under its first republican head of state, who later became the last French emperor.

Purpose - The development of information systems and transportation networks has enabled greater human mobility and simplified the organization of both business and tourist trips abroad. The aim is to test the impact of uncertainty avoidance and security threats, tourist ethnocentrism, and cultural intelligence on the selection of foreign tourist destinations. Methodology - The research was implemented in the Republic of Serbia at the end of 2024 using a questionnaire with the participation of 608 respondents, and their responses were analyzed using the software SmartPLS 4. Findings - The analysis revealed that uncertainty avoidance, security threats, and tourist ethnocentrism exert a negative influence, while cultural intelligence exerts a positive influence on respondents' decisions regarding the selection of foreign tourist destinations. The degree of uncertainty avoidance, security threats, and tourist ethnocentrism was higher among respondents with lower levels of education and monthly income, whereas the degree of cultural intelligence was more pronounced among respondents with higher levels of education and income. Implications - The implications lie in the implementation of a holistic approach when conceptualizing the model and providing relevant insights for the formulation of strategies in the field of tourism.

This study examines the influence of artificial inte ligence (AI), social unrest, and economic development as key antecedents in the selection of foreign tourist destinations. Specifica ly, it investigates the extent to which tourists utilize AI tools during the decision-making process and the role AI algorithms play in facilitating destination choice. Additiona ly, the research explores how social unrest, by disrupting stability and legal order, impacts tourists’ preferences, alongside the e fect of economic development on destination attractiveness. The empirical research was conducted in the Republic of Serbia in 2025 using the survey method, and the respondents' answers were analyzed using the statistical software SmartPLS 4. The total sample consisted of 310 respondents, and the findings indicate that a l variables exert a positive influence on the selection of foreign tourist destinations. By integrating technological, socio-political, legal and economic dimensions, this study offers valuable insights for tourism and hospitality service providers aiming to optimize their strategies and better cater to evolving tourist behaviors. The research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on how advanced technologies and contextual factors shape contemporary travel decisions, ultimately supporting more informed marketing and management practices in the global tourism industry.

Tourism has become a key sector of the economy in many countries during this century, offering immense potential for job creation and economic growth. The development of information technologies and artificial intelligence is transforming the tourism industry, enabling personalized experiences, travel optimization, and enhanced customer support. With the rise of online payments in tourism, the risk of various forms of fraud also increases. Therefore, the role of artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning and deep learning is becoming increasingly important in detecting fraud and ensuring secure financial transactions in e-tourism. While artificial intelligence continues to improve the tourism industry, it also faces challenges related to online fraud, offering opportunities for enhanced customer support, personalized experiences, and improved efficiency while addressing security issues in online transactions.

In recent years, travel and tourism have undergone significant changes influenced by globalization, digitalization, sustainability, and the COVID-19 pandemic. These factors have shaped the industry in various ways, presenting both challenges and new opportunities. Globalization has facilitated the mobility of people, while digitalization has transformed how travel is planned and booked. Interest in travel continues to grow, especially due to the increasing availability of information online. All these factors together contribute to the significant growth of the travel and tourism market. The widespread use of computers, laptops, and smart devices has enabled a growing number of people to use the Internet for various commercial purposes. Thanks to mobile applications that perform tasks previously requiring personal computers to complete via websites, people now possess greater technological knowledge. This technological advancement has eased access to various e-services. E-tourism, as a significant segment of electronic commerce, has seen a substantial increase in popularity worldwide. This paper explores how artificial intelligence impacts the tourism industry, offering new opportunities while simultaneously presenting challenges. We will show how this technological innovation is shaping tourism and examine the development of the artificial intelligence market, as well as the role of legal regulations in their application in tourism.

The rights of national minorities within the EU member states represent an important and current issue that attracts the attention of many researchers. The EU strives to support national minorities through its conventions and projects, aiming to provide them with economic security, social justice, and, above all, living conditions that enable them to function normally. The subject of this study is the analysis of the conventions through which the EU seeks to improve the status of national minorities, as well as an analysis of models that recommend specific activities and efforts needed to ensure that national minorities have regular access to employment, healthcare, economic prosperity, family formation, parental support, and all other aspects that would enhance tolerance and respect for national minorities in multicultural environments. The study also examines how artificial intelligence, and statistical models could detect hate speech directed at national minorities, and how the level of such hate speech can be reduced and negative consequences prevented. Finally, the study provides predictions about what the EU can expect in the future to ensure that national minorities in all countries achieve equality with the rest of the population, offering numerous useful legal, social, and economic implications.