Thiago Teixeira Guimarães

Engaging in physical activity stimulates brain regions associated with executive functions. However, evidence regarding the acute effects of school-based Physical Education remains inconsistent, particularly when considering class duration and ecological constraints of the school context. Given that Physical Education classes may vary in length due to routine school demands, the present study aimed to investigate the acute effect of two durations of Physical Education class (25 and 45 minutes) on the executive functions of 9- to 10-year-old children. Twenty-four participants (age = 9.54 years ± 0.51; male = 62.5 %) were randomized and allocated in 3 groups (25 minutes PE, 45 minutes PE and control group). The exercise groups participated in traditional Physical Education classes (25-minute session and 45-minute session). Meanwhile, the control group attended a 45-minute theoretical class. All individuals underwent executive functions assessments before and immediately after their respective conditions. A significant main effect of time was observed for response time in inhibitory control (F(1,21) = 12.719; p = 0.002), with improvements occurring across all groups, including the control group. No other significant effects were identified, indicating that Physical Education class duration did not modulate executive function performance. When assessed immediately after the class, Physical Education sessions lasting 25 or 45 minutes did not produce acute improvements in inhibitory control or working memory in 9- to 10-year-old schoolchildren, and no dose–response effect was observed. Nevertheless, executive function performance was maintained, indicating that participation in Physical Education during the school day does not compromise children’s cognitive functioning.

Introduction: A growing body of evidence indicates that physical activity and physical fitness are positively associated with brain function and cognitive performance, particularly during childhood. However, it remains unclear which specific physical fitness components are more strongly related to executive function subdomains and socioemotional skills. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between physical fitness components, executive functions, and socioemotional skills in school-aged children. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included 93 children aged 8-12 years (44.1% girls). Inhibitory control, working memory, physical fitness components, and socioemotional skills were assessed. Pearson and Spearman correlations were conducted according to data distribution, followed by multiple linear regression analyses controlling for age. Results: Several physical fitness components were significantly correlated with executive function outcomes. Hand-eye coordination showed the strongest and most consistent associations, particularly with inhibitory control (rs = 0.570; p < 0.001). In regression analyses, hand-eye coordination emerged as the most consistent predictor of global executive function and inhibitory control, explaining up to 33.5% of the variance. Although working memory was correlated with physical fitness, it was primarily explained by age (p = 0.004). No significant associations were observed between physical fitness and socioemotional skills. Discussion: These findings suggest that different components of physical fitness may contribute differently to executive function domains, with perceptual-motor coordination playing a central role in inhibitory control. Conclusions: Specific components of physical fitness, particularly hand-eye coordination, are associated with executive function performance in children, especially inhibitory control, highlighting the importance of motor coordination in cognitive development during childhood.

Trata-se de um evento que ocorre há 13 anos de forma ininterrupta, organizado pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Atividade Física da Universidade Salgado de Oliveira. Neste evento, diversos temas são desenvolvidos a partir das trocas ocorridas durante o período de elaboração das dissertações de mestrado.

The comprehension of the symptoms caused by hypobaric hypoxia in air travelers allows aviation safety actions to be efficiently carried out. In this context, it is also important to clarify the behavior of these symptoms between exposure sessions. This registered systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42021283758) aims to identify possible changes in the symptoms of hypobaric hypoxia reported by air travelers submitted to repeated exposure in a hypobaric chamber throughout their careers. The following inclusion criteria were adopted: re-exposure to hypobaric hypoxia; and the following exclusion criteria: mountain sickness, decompression sickness, experimental animal models, and medical or dental outcomes. The search was conducted in Scopus, BVS/VHL, Cochrane, Medline, Web of Science, and Science Direct and Google Scholar databases. The selected studies were analyzed for risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Of the 430 titles found, five articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were selected for the systematic review, totaling a sample of 1,569 participants. It was found that the participants' hypoxia symptoms tend to repeat themselves in the same way in the other sessions of exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. However, it was identified that such symptoms are influenced by personal factors that can lead to variations in symptoms for the same individual between sessions of exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. Therefore, with aviation safety as a priority, it is prudent to interpret that the symptoms of hypobaric hypoxia are malleable and that they may vary upon re-exposure of the subject to it.

Objective: Identify the protocols used in normobaric hypoxia and the main symptoms in that context. Theoretical Framework: Hypoxia, particularly hypoxic hypoxia, is a critical challenge in aviation, caused by reduced atmospheric pressure at high altitudes. Controlled hypoxia training allows aviators to recognize symptoms, assess the time of useful consciousness, and practice emergency responses. This study synthesizes key parameters in normobaric hypoxia training, addressing gaps in oxygen concentrations, exposure times, and symptom monitoring. Method: Systematic electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE and Embase databases. Inclusion criteria required original studies involving aircraft crews, descriptions of gas mixtures used for altitude simulation, and details of simulated altitudes during training. Results and Discussion: From 295 identified articles, eight met the inclusion criteria. Sample sizes ranged from 8 to 89 participants, predominantly male. Protocols varied widely, with O₂ concentrations of 6%, 7%, and 8% frequently used to simulate altitudes of 25,919 feet (7,900 m) to 20,341 feet (6,200 m). Considerable heterogeneity was found in protocols for the same simulated altitude, likely due to differences in equipment calibration. Continuous exposure periods of three to five minutes were common, and diverse hypoxia symptoms were reported, emphasizing the importance of symptom recognition for operational safety. Research Implications: This study offers practical insights for standardizing hypoxia training protocols, enhancing safety procedures, and developing guidelines for normobaric environments. Originality/Value: By synthesizing hypoxia training parameters, this research highlights the need for protocol standardization to ensure aviator safety and operational efficiency.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo apresentar uma discussão teórica acerca da síndrome do overtraining e suas possíveis correlações com o transtorno dismórfico corporal, conhecido também como vigorexia ou síndrome de adônis, em alunos praticantes da modalidade de cross-training. É perceptível que o excesso de atividade física, sem o devido acompanhamento, tem gerado uma série de implicações, no que diz respeito as mais variadas disfunções físicas e emocionais. A distorção da imagem corporal pode estar intrinsecamente relacionada ao excesso de treinamentos, mudanças de hábitos alimentares, à busca de perfis estéticos corporais com altos índices de massa muscular e baixos índices de percentual de gordura. De tal forma, é de suma importância que os profissionais e demais envolvidos no desempenho esportivo compreendam os sintomas e as causas do overtraining, sendo capazes de aplicar estratégias que favoreçam a redução de sua ocorrência. Assim sendo, pode-se citar, dentre os objetivos principais desta revisão: conceituar overtraining em seus diferentes contextos, evidenciando seus tipos e indicadores; correlacionar as causas e consequências do overtraining, frequência e evidências atuais em alunos praticantes de cross-training, sua possível correlação com transtornos de imagem corporal, bem como, tratamentos e recomendações preventivas. É irrefutável, a partir da leitura dos estudos elencados, que o debate sobre os mecanismos que conduzem o overtraining, assim como sua correlação com o transtorno dismórfico, ainda são imprecisos, e altamente, discutidos na literatura. Diante de tais aspectos, infere-se a necessidade da elaboração de estudos efetivos e complementares, que enfatizem o processo de periodização de treinamentos, visando enfatizar a importância do acompanhamento multidisciplinar por profissionais da área de saúde, contemplando a integração de aspectos físicos, psicológicos e emocionais dos indivíduos.

Background: Increasingly valuable, sophisticated, and powerful aircraft are developed and incorporated into the armed forces. Technological advances are notable for increasing physiological load during the flight, making human resources a limiting factor in such operations. It is necessary to understand the physiological demands to which aircraft pilots are exposed, especially combat pilots. Objective: This study aimed to present: i. the physiological consequences on the human body due to high accelerative forces during high-performance flights; ii. the efficiency of the Anti-G Straining Maneuver (AGSM) countermeasure to such consequences; and iii. the state of the art about surface electromyography's uses (sEMG) in AGSM. Method: It was conducted a bibliographic search in the PubMed database using the keywords “anti-G effort maneuver” and “electromyography” and their synonyms. After this, a narrative review of the results was performed. This research model allows a comprehensive discussion about the topic, enabling an in-depth contextualization in a prosperous field of study. These characteristics are suitable for detecting literature gaps and directing the research discussion. Discussion: There is a consensus in the literature that AGSM is the most effective resource to prevent loss of consciousness induced by G-load (G-LOC). The sEMG is an affordable and useful tool for AGSM training, especially given the unavailability of human centrifuges. The current literature on the application of sEMG in the context of AGSM training is limited, presenting a diversity of objectives, methodology, and analyzed parameters. Conclusion: The use of sEMG as real-time biofeedback can improve the pilot's muscle control skills during AGSM.

Assessment processes are fundamental for personal and professional development, allowing comparisons with standards and construction of solutions. However, complex collections require personal training to handle data and time, not always resulting in actual assessments, making the existence and necessity of the process questionable. In this context, the Instituto de Medicina Aeroespacial (IMAE), of the Brazilian Air Force, proposed an evaluation and quality control project for its services in the teaching area, in the year 2022, through the Net Promoter Score (NPS) protocol. The objective of this work was to share and reflect on this experience. Of the 393 graduates of different courses and instructions, operational or health, offered by IMAE in the year 2022, 337 military responded to the protocol, corresponding to 85.8% of the total. The data were analyzed quantitatively, using the “customer satisfaction index”, and qualitatively, using the “word cloud” feature. The indexes obtained for the operational and health courses were, respectively, 74.5% and 74.9%. These indices represent the “very good” concept. The words “instructors”, “classes”, “excellent” and “knowledge” were the most frequent within the qualitative analysis. The performance of instructors and the use of specific equipment in practical classes were considered positive aspects. The need for permanent maintenance and modernization of the infrastructure was frequently mentioned. It was concluded that the NPS, although simple, allowed not only the acquisition of information, but also the constant evaluation of IMAE's teaching services during the year 2022.

Introduction: Physical inactivity is a risk factor for numerous diseases and, paradoxically, can also be a risk factor for symptoms of overtraining syndrome (OTS). Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the physical activity levels of military personnel and compare these levels with the symptoms of OTS. Methods: The sample consisted of 95 military personnel (29.6 ± 1.1 years; 27.5 ± 3.7 kg/m2) participating in a career course, which were divided into (inactive)IN, (active)AT and (very active) VA. The Overtraining Questionnaire (OTQ) was applied, in addition to an anamnesis and the short version of the IPAQ to characterize and stratify the sample. The comparison between the means of the scores obtained in the questionnaires was performed using ANOVA of one entry with Tukey's post-hoc when necessary. Results: The results revealed that 41% of the military were IN, 40% AT and 19% VA. ANOVA indicated a significant difference in QOT scores between IN (38.62 ± 17.58) and VA (29.06 ± 11.65) (p=0.04). Conclusion: It is concluded that most of the military had adequate levels of physical activity, however, the IN showed more evident symptoms of OTS when compared to the VA. Although this subject is controversial, the literature is already well established that OTS does not only involve issues related to exercise. Other stressors, such as sleep and psychological stress, for example, when associated, can serve as triggers for physical and mental exhaustion, regardless of the level of physical activity.

Introdução: Este estudo enfoca o envelhecimento como um processo natural, acompanhado de mudanças físicas e aumento do risco de doenças crônicas, ressaltando a importância de estratégias para combater o etarismo e promover uma longevidade saudável. Objetivo: Analisar os desafios relacionados ao envelhecimento, considerando fatores biológicos, psicológicos, sociais e econômicos que influenciam a inclusão social dos idosos. Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão narrativa, analisando estudos que construíram uma narrativa abrangente e integrativa do conhecimento disponível sobre o tema. A conexão entre diferentes estudos e ideias permitiu identificar informações relevantes. Emerge como fator determinante a desigualdade social em relação ao bem-estar e à participação social, prejudicando a qualidade de vida dos idosos. A discriminação por idade também contribui para sua exclusão, impactando negativamente sua autoestima e bem-estar. Para combater o etarismo e promover uma sociedade mais inclusiva, é fundamental criar consciência sobre esse problema e educar as pessoas sobre a importância de valorizar e respeitar todas as faixas etárias. Portanto, as políticas públicas são necessárias para garantir que os direitos das pessoas idosas sejam protegidos e que tenham acesso a serviços de qualidade em todas as áreas da vida. Somente com esforços coletivos poderemos construir uma sociedade que valorize e respeite todas as gerações. Nesse contexto, os programas governamentais de ginástica voltados para essa faixa etária têm se mostrado eficazes na promoção da inclusão e bem-estar dessa população. Além de oferecerem atividades físicas adequadas à idade, incentivam a interação social e a integração na comunidade, melhorando a qualidade de vida e combatendo a solidão. Essas iniciativas são desenvolvidas em parceria com diversas organizações e instituições, permitindo acesso a recursos e conhecimentos especializados, o que aumenta sua eficácia. Cidades como São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Rio de Janeiro e Niterói têm implementado com sucesso esses programas. Conclusão: Conclui-se que promover a inclusão social dos idosos demanda esforços conjuntos de governos, instituições, sociedade civil e comunidade. Investir em programas de ginástica e atividades físicas é um passo significativo nessa direção, contribuindo para um envelhecimento digno e uma melhor qualidade de vida. O aprimoramento contínuo e a expansão desses programas são essenciais para que todos os idosos, independentemente de sua situação socioeconômica, possam desfrutar de uma vida mais saudável e participativa na sociedade.