Ainiwaer Aikemu

Background: Sustained hypoxia contributes to myocardial injury through both direct cellular damage and indirect mechanisms, notably the development of pulmonary hypertension. Gallic acid (GA) has demonstrated potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective effects; The regulatory targets and mechanisms of action involved in Myocardial Injury caused by hypoxia remain unclear.Methods: Our study investigated the protective effects of GA against HMI rat models and hypoxic H9c2 cardiomyocyte models. Myocardial protection was evaluated through echocardiography, histological and ultrastructural analysis, inflammatory cytokine levels, and iron deposition. Proteomic analysis and molecular docking were employed to identify potential targets and mechanisms of GA. Further validation was performed using Western Blot (WB), immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry to assess apoptosis, cell cycle progression, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ferroptosis-related proteins.Results: GA significantly alleviated hypoxia-induced histopathological changes and oxidative stress in myocardial tissue. Mechanistically, GA suppressed NF-κB activation, downregulated Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long-Chain Family Member 4 (ACSL4), and restored glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) activity. These effects attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated S-phase cell cycle arrest and ferroptosis.Conclusions: The study findings demonstrated that GA ameliorates HMI by modulating the NF-κB/ferroptosis axis. These findings highlight GA’s translational potential as a low-toxicity therapeutic agent for hypoxia cardiovascular disorders.

The unique structural features of Anchusa italica Retz (A. italica Retz) flowers were revealed at different scales through tissue sectioning and microstructural observations of the flower powder. High-resolution imaging of the fine structure and fracture of the sample surface was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to obtain detailed information about the surface morphology and microstructure. The chemical composition of the samples was analysed via ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS). Infrared and near-infrared spectroscopy were employed to elucidate the vibrational characteristics of the functional groups in the sample. Characteristic structures, including nonglandular hairs, ducts, epidermal cells, and pollen grains, were revealed through microscopic and SEM analyses. A diverse array of bioactive substances, including flavonoids, saponins, phenylpropanoids, and polyphenolic compounds, was identified. Among these substances, rosmarinic acid (Ros A) had the highest relative content, reaching 39.85%. The infrared spectral scans had high stability for multiple batches of samples, with discernible characteristic peaks at 1434 cm⁻¹, 1619 cm⁻¹, 2923 cm⁻¹, and 3440 cm⁻¹. A comprehensive investigation and an analysis of the microstructure and chemical composition of A. italica Retz flowers were performed, and cross-scale analysis was employed to expand and supplement the current understanding of the morphological, histological, and chemical diversity of the plant. This analysis provides a scientific basis for the potential medicinal value of this plant and a theoretical foundation for subsequent in-depth research.

Understanding the optimal extraction methods for flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot flowers (AMF) is crucial for unlocking their potential benefits. This study aimed to optimize the efficiency of flavonoid extraction from AMF. After comparing extraction methods, the ultrasonic cell crusher demonstrated superior performance over conventional techniques. Four key factors—solid-to-liquid ratio (1:10 to 1:50 g·mL⁻¹), ethanol concentration (55% to 95%), ultrasonic time (10 to 50 min), and ultrasonic power (5% to 25% of 900 W)—were investigated and normalized using the entropy weight method. This led to a comprehensive evaluation (CE). Optimization of extraction conditions for the ultrasonic cell crusher was achieved through response surface methodology and a deep neural network model, resulting in optimal parameters: ethanol volume fraction of 66%, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:21 g/mL, extraction efficiency of 9%, and extraction duration of 35 min, yielding a CE value of 23.14 (RSD < 1%). Additionally, the inhibitory effects of the optimized extracts against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) were assessed. The results revealed that AMF extract (AMFE) exhibits inhibitory effects on S. mutans, with concomitant inhibition of sucrase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The MIC of AMFE against planktonic S. mutans is 3 mg/mL, with an MBC of 6 mg/mL. Within the concentration range of 1/8 MIC to 2 MIC of AMFE, the activities of sucrase and LDH decreased by 318.934 U/mg prot and 61.844 U/mg prot, respectively. The antioxidant activity of AMFE was assessed using the potassium ferricyanide reduction and phosphomolybdenum methods. Additionally, the effect of AMFE on DPPH, ABTS, and ·OH free radical scavenging abilities was determined. The concentrations at which AMFE exhibited over 90% scavenging rate for ABTS and DPPH free radicals were found to be 0.125 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, respectively.