Bahram Sheikhi

To translate the Pain Severity Scale (PSS) into Persian (PSS-Persian) and study its psychometric properties in patients with patellofemoral pain (PFP). The psychometric properties of 112 patients with PFP were evaluated using a questionnaire. The structural validity, construct validity, reliability, internal consistency, and floor and ceiling effects were evaluated. Convergent validity was examined using Pearson's correlation coefficient between the PSS-Persian, Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS), and Knee Outcome Survey Activities for Daily Living (KOS-ADL). Good internal consistency was found (Cronbach's alpha = 0.889), and if the item was deleted varied from 0.868 to 0.886. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for test-retest reliability was 0.784. The factor loading for each item was >0.55. The PSS-Persian score showed a moderate correlation with the AKPS (r = -0.315, p = 0.001). The PSS-Persian score was also significantly correlated with the OKS (r = -0.231, p = 0.004) and KOS-ADL (r = -0.226, p = 0.017). The data showed that the cultural adaptation process was successful. The PSS-Persian has acceptable measurement properties and is suitable for use in epidemiological, rehabilitation, and clinical contexts of patients with PFP in the Persian population.

This study aimed to evaluate the muscle activation ratio of hip and knee during hip-focused exercises. Eleven active university students performed 13 hip-focused exercises frequently used in the treatment of knee disorders. The average sEMG amplitude of tensor fasciae latae (TFL), gluteus medius (GMed), gluteus maximus (GMax), adductor longus (AL), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and GMed/AL, GMax/AL, and VL/VM ratios were determined. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were performed to determine if there were differences in muscle activation while performing each of the 13 exercises. Sidelying clam-shell had the highest GMax/AL ratio of all the exercises examined. The hip hike exercise (5.36) had the highest GMed/AL ratio. The VL/VM ratio ranged from 0.77 to 1.16. Based on these results, sidelying clam-shell had the highest GMax/AL ratio. The hip hike exercise had a higher GMed/AL ratio compared to other hip-focused exercises. Additionally, forward lunge, squat, and single-leg squat with resistance band around the knee had the highest activity VL/VM ratio among exercises.

Patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs) are important to evaluate the impact of clinical practice in athletes with Achilles tendinopathy (AT). The TENDINopathy Severity assessment-Achilles (TENDINS-A) is a PROM that measures the pain, symptoms and physical function associated with AT. This study aims to translate, cross-culturally adapt and measure the properties of the Persian language version of the TENDINS-A (Persian-TENDINS-A) in athletes with AT. According to the COnsensus-based Standards for selecting health Measurement INstruments guidelines, 100 athletes with AT will be required for test-retest reliability, construct validity and internal consistency. Analyses will include confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, construct validity, SE of measurement, agreement, smallest detectable change, and floor and ceiling effects. Test-retest reliability of the Persian-TENDINS-A will be evaluated within 2–3 days for the Persian-TENDINS-A. Hypothesis testing of the Persian-TENDINS-A will be determined using a Pearson correlation of a single point in time between Persian-TENDINS-A scores with the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment-Achilles and Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaires. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Zabol (approval ID: IR.UOZ. REC.1403.004) based on the Declaration of Helsinki. Findings from this study will be disseminated to the athletes, clinicians and researchers through peer-reviewed journals and national and international conferences.

Background: Injury prevention training using a global systems approach was designed to develop integrated trunk-lower extremity neuromuscular control using whole-body, rotational forces about the vertical Z-axis during simulated sports movements. Hypothesis: Compared with traditional hip-focused exercises, injury prevention training using a global systems approach could improve kinetic and kinematic measures related to anterior cruciate ligament injury. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 39 male and female athletes received 6 weeks of either global systems approach (n = 20), or hip-focused strengthening, balance, and plyometrics training (n = 19) exercises. Before and after the training program, participants performed a single-leg vertical drop jump task on their dominant leg. Peak vertical ground-reaction forces (GRFs), peak knee abduction, internal rotation moments, peak hip flexion, hip adduction, knee flexion, knee abduction, contralateral pelvic drop, and lateral trunk flexion angles were assessed. Biomechanical data were compared between the 2 groups using a random-intercept linear mixed-models analysis. Results: A significant group × time interaction effect was found for vertical GRFs ( P = 0.01; change difference relative to baseline: 4.5%), knee abduction moment ( P = 0.01; 14.8%), hip adduction ( P < 0.01; 16.7%), knee abduction ( P < 0.01; 13.8%), contralateral pelvic drop ( P < 0.01; change difference: 26.6%), and lateral trunk flexion ( P = 0.04; 20.37%) angles, favoring the global systems approach group after 6 weeks of training. Conclusion: Participants who trained using the global systems approach had significantly decreased lateral trunk flexion, hip adduction, knee abduction and contralateral pelvic drop angles, peak vertical GRFs, and peak knee abduction moment during a single-leg vertical drop jump compared with participants who trained with hip-focused exercises. Clinical Relevance: Incorporating additional external resistance at the proximal trunk results in improved biomechanics compared with conventional hip-focused exercises.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a combination of pain neuroscience education and targeted cognitive motor control training with targeted cognitive motor control training alone in patients with chronic low back pain. Materials and Methods: Fifty-four chronic low back pain patients (pain neuroscience education with ...

Background: The University of Wisconsin Running Injury and Recovery Index (UWRI) was developed to evaluate running ability after a running-related injury. The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the UWRI into Persian (UWRI-Persian) and to investigate its psychometric properties in patients with a running-related injury. Methods: The UWRI-Persian was translated using the Beaton guidelines. One hundred and seventy-three native Persian patients with running-related injuries were participated in the study. The exploratory factor analysis was carried out using the principal component analysis method with Varimax rotation. The construct validity of the UWRI-Persian was evaluated using the Pearson correlation with the pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ), Tampa scale for Kinesiophobia (TKS), and visual analogue scale (VAS). Test-retest reliability was tested among 64 patients who completed the form again after seven days. Results: The UWRI-Persian showed excellent internal consistency for total score (α = 0.966). An excellent internal consistency (α = 0.922) was shown for psychological response and good internal consistency (α = 0.887) for running progression. The interclass correlation coefficient for the UWRI-Persian total scores was 0.965 (95% CI, 0.942 to 0.979), indicating high intra-rater reliability. The UWRI-Persian showed a moderate correlation with the PSEQ (r = 0.425) and the TSK (r = 0.457) and a weak correlation with the VAS (r = 0.187). These findings suggest no floor or ceiling effects. Conclusions: The UWRI is a reliable and valid tool for Persian-speaking patients with running-related injuries. The UWRI was successfully translated from English to Persian and demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency, validity and reliability with no floor or ceiling effects.

Background The University of Wisconsin Running Injury and Recovery Index (UWRI) was developed to evaluate running ability after a running-related injury. The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the UWRI into Persian (UWRI-Persian) and to investigate its psychometric properties in patients with a running-related injury. Methods The UWRI-Persian was translated using the Beaton guidelines. One-hundred-and-seventy-three native Persian patients with running-related injuries were participated. The convergent validity of the UWRI-Persian was evaluated using the Pearson correlation with the pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ), Tampa scale for Kinesiophobia (TKS), and visual analogue scale (VAS). Test-retest reliability was tested among 64 patients who completed the form again after seven days. Results The UWRI-Persian showed excellent internal consistency for total score (α = 0.966). An excellent internal consistency (α = 0.922) was shown for psychological response and good internal consistency (α = 0.887) for running progression. The interclass correlation coefficient for the UWRI-Persian total scores was 0.965 (95% CI, 0.942 to 0.979), indicating high intra-rater reliability. The UWRI-Persian demonstrated a moderate correlation with the PSEQ (r = 0.425) and the TSK (r = 0.457). The UWRI-Persian showed a weak correlation with the VAS (r = 0.187). These findings suggest no floor or ceiling effects. Conclusions The UWRI is a reliable and valid tool for Persian-speaking patients with running-related injuries. The UWRI was successfully translated from English to Persian and demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency, validity and reliability with no floor or ceiling effects.