Ni Kadek Erosi Undaharta

Climate change poses significant challenges to ecosystems globally, demanding innovative methods for environmental conservation and restoration. Restoration initiatives require significant amounts of appropriate vegetation that is both adaptive and tolerant to the specific environmental factors. This study introduces an adaptive-vegetation model designed to support ecosystem resilience in the face of climate change. Traditional restoration methods often neglect dynamic environmental conditions and ecosystem interactions, but the model employs real-time data and predictive analytics to adapt strategies to evolving climate variables. The model takes a comprehensive approach, incorporating climate projections, soil health metrics, species adaptability, and hydrological patterns to inform restoration practices. By using a mix of adaptable native species, the model promotes biodiversity. In conclusion, according to the findings of our review, paludiculture and agroforestry could be implemented as models for improving climate resilience, particularly in tropical degraded peat swamp forests. These two models could improve the environment, the economy, and social functions. Finally, improving all three of these factors improves ecological stability. This adaptive-vegetation model represents a significant shift from static, uniform restoration approaches to dynamic, data-driven strategies tailored to specific environments. The future research directions underscore the need for ongoing innovation in conservation practices to safeguard ecosystems amid unprecedented environmental changes. Future efforts will focus on enhancing the model with advanced machine learning techniques and expanding its application to additional ecological contexts.

Sacred groves are forest patches managed and preserved by local communities to support their cultural and religious practices. Though often poorly documented, these forests provide refuge for threatened species and act as crucial nodes of biodiversity in an increasingly human-dominated landscape. Understanding the floristic and ecological characteristics of sacred groves, especially as compared to formally protected forests, is therefore key to their effective governance and incorporation into existing protected area network. In this study, we compared the tree diversity and forest structure of sacred groves and protected forests in Bali, Indonesia. We assessed the species richness, species diversity, basal area (or abundance) and community composition of trees from three ontogenetic stages (adults, saplings, and seedlings). Specifically, we focused our analysis on Dipterocarpus hasseltii, an endangered canopy tree species of local cultural significance. Sacred groves generally had similar levels of tree species richness, species diversity and demographic structure as protected forests at every ontogenetic stage, but differed significantly in community composition. Adult trees in sacred groves had a significantly higher basal area than that of protected forests. The population demography of D. hasseltii was similar in sacred groves and protected forests. We provide novel evidence that sacred groves that are managed to preserve a single tree species (i.e. D. hasseltii) could positively impact the conservation of other species, providing a similar conservation value as protected forests in terms of tree diversity and forest structure. Ultimately, our study supports the efficacy of social forestry and highlights its importance in biodiversity conservation.

Soil and water are natural resources that support the life of various creatures on Earth, including humans. The main problem, so far, is that both resources can be easily damaged or degraded by human-induced drivers. The threat of damage or degradation is increasing due to rapid human population growth and humans’ insatiable daily necessities. Indonesia has had various experiences in soil and water conservation (SWC) programmes for a long time, which can be a good lesson learned for future strategy development. This article aims to provide an overview of the benefits of implementing SWC in Indonesia for biodiversity, hydrology, soil erosion, and microclimate to support sustainable ecological landscape management. Various vegetative and mechanical techniques that have been known and implemented can be utilized to improve future SWC strategies. It is expected that proper strategy development in the future for SWC in Indonesia will support the sustainability of ecological landscape management. Forthcoming SWC programmes are also expected to incorporate local knowledge into their implementation. The programmes also require coordination between stakeholders, i.e., local communities, management authorities, policymakers, and scientists, and seamless integration between varying fields and levels of governance. The main findings of this study are that SWC increased the adaptation of native plants to local rainfall and soil conditions; SWC increased infiltration and improved soil hydrological characteristics; and SWC, through vegetation techniques, played a role in lowering temperatures, increasing humidity, and reducing intensity levels.

Dipterocarpus tempehes is an endangered tropical timber tree species endemic to Borneo. In this study, the plastome of D. tempehes was assembled. The whole chloroplast genome was 145,323 bp in length, with a large single-copy (LSC) region of 80,375 bp and small single-copy (SSC) region of 20,394 bp, separated by two inverted repeats (IRs) regions of 22,277 bp. It contained 145 genes, including 102 coding genes, 35 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. A phylogenomic analysis confirmed that Malvaceae s.l., Thymelaeaceae, and Dipterocarpaceae formed its respective monophyletic clade, with D. tempehes forming a sister clade with species from the Shoraeae tribe within the family.

Begonia bimaensis Undaharta & Ardaka is a potential ornamental plant, and currently known only from one population in Sumbawa. Propagation programs, both conventional and in vitro culture are necessary to ensure its conservation. The aim of this research is to observe the effects of explant types and plant growth regulator combination (2,4-D and kinetin) in inducing callus from B. bimaensis leaf in vitro. Callus induction was initiated from three parts of leaf explant, namely petiole, leaf base, and leaf lamina. The explants were planted on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium with addition of 2,4-D and kinetin. Concentrations of 2,4-D were 0, 0.5, and 1 ppm, while kinetin concentrations were 0, 1, and 2 ppm. Each treatment was replicated 10 times. Results showed that leaf base was the best explant used for callus induction. Medium D₁K₂ (MS + 1 ppm kinetin) showed the fastest time for callus induction that was at 20 days after planting. The highest percentage of callus production (100%) was found on D₁K₃ (MS + 2ppm kinetin); D₂K₂ (MS + 0.5ppm 2,4-D + 1 ppm kinetin); D₂K₃ (MS + 0.5ppm 2,4-D + 2ppm kinetin) and D₃K₂ (MS + 1ppm 2,4-D + 1ppm kinetin).

Siregar M, Undaharta NKE. 2018. Tree standing dynamics after 30 years in a secondary forest of Bali, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 22-30. Tree standing dynamics in 0.5 ha plot after 30 years in Bukit Tapak secondary forests, Batukahu Nature Reserve, Province 0f Bali was studied by using plot method. The results showed that the tree species richness is same, 33 species, but there are six species disappear and be replaced by another species as a newcomer. Eight species persist as major species based on the importance value, namely: Homalanthus giganteus, Vernonia arborea, Dendrocnide stimulans, Meliosma angustifolia, Saurauia reinwardtiana, Trema orientalis, Macaranga triloba and Polyosma integrifolia. Tree density decreased 19.7%, but the total basal area increased 12.2% with an average basal area per tree were also increased by 39.7%. Shannon diversity index (H`) and Equitability index (E) was increased in 2016. Forests in the plot categorized as old secondary forest are still in the process of maturation toward the primary forest. Species predicted would disappear with a succession of increasingly advanced process is Trema orientalis, while the predicted to survive for much longer are Homalanthus giganteus, Acronichia trifoliolata, Meliosma angustifolia, Polyosma integrifolia, Saurauia reinwardtiana and Dendrocnide stimulans.