Rituparna Ghoshal

Objective: To evaluate ocular health status and ophthalmic safety practices among industrial metal workers of Moradabad, pre- and post-intervention. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted from November 2022 to December 2023. Metal workers, recruited from an industrial zone of Moradabad, underwent eye examination and were administered a pre-validated questionnaire on ocular health and safety, translated in Hindi. A multifaceted intervention included detailed ophthalmic evaluation, correction of refractive error, and presbyopia followed by provision of personal protective equipment (PPE). Thereafter, an awareness program was conducted using leaflets, followed by monthly monitoring group meetings. All workers were followed up for one year. Results: Four hundred metal workers aged between 14 and 65 years, predominantly from unorganized sector (70%), were evaluated. While a notable percentage of the metal workers (18.50%) reported ocular injuries in last 5 years, only 11.25% wore PPE and 4.3% of the participants attended prior ophthalmic safety training at baseline evaluation. Majority of the participants reported uncorrected presbyopia and/or refractive error. All participants completed 3 stages of intervention. A total of 297 spectacles were provided. After the intervention and 1 year of monitoring, safety attitudes of the workers improved significantly ( P < 0.05). There were no cases of eye injuries reported during 1 year. Conclusions: Present research revealed eye injuries to be a significant public health concern among metal workers of Moradabad, further highlighting the minimal use of PPE. However, continuous education, increased supervision, and mandatory safety measures improved worker attitudes and reduced work-related eye injuries in this occupational group.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is considered as an important tool for the diagnosis, differentiation and monitoring of various subtypes of AMD. Understanding OCT findings in different subtypes of AMD is the key to manage AMD. Thus, present review aimed to report the different OCT features seen in different subtypes of AMD and to discuss the OCT parameters that are associated with visual functions of AMD eyes. Electronic search engines such as were employed to search articles that justified the objective of this review. While, changes such as drusens associated with alterations in outer nuclear layer and inner segment and outer segment junction of photoreceptor and external limiting membrane were observed in early to intermediate AMD, components of neovascular membrane, retinal pigment epithelium detachment, neurosensory retinal detachment along with subretinal and intraretinal fluid, subretinal tissue were reported in neovascular AMD. Similarly, variations in pattern of retinal pigment epithelium detachment, presence of polyp, presence of hyper-reflective mass like lesions, intraretinal cysts were some of the features that differentiated various sub types of neovascular AMD. While, in early to intermediate AMD, changes in retinal pigment epithelium and outer nuclear layer associated well with the visual functions, more research were needed to establish a strong correlation between visual functions and OCT parameters in different sub types of neovascular AMD. The present review concluded that OCT plays an important role in diagnosis, differentiating different subtypes of AMD. However, there is scope for future research to establish specific OCT biomarkers in various subtypes of AMD.

An 8-year-old boy, diagnosed with moderate autism spectrum disorder visited Divine Myndz with his mother with complaints of reduced vision, inability to maintain eye contact and less attention span in terms of visual tasks. Assessment done at Divine Myndz showed that he had bilateral amblyopia, difficulty with eye movements, visual attention span and visual perceptual skills. A multi modal approach in vision therapy was planned for a period of 2 months to work on amblyopia, visual attention span and visual perceptual skills. At the end of 40 sessions over a period of 2 months, the boy showed significant improvement in visual acuity and eye movements. However, the visual perception remained same. After the initial reassessment after 40 sessions, the parents were advised to continue with remote vision therapy using vision therapy softwares that can be administered with parental support at home. Both pts2 and AmbP inet (home based vision therapy softwares) were prescribed. After 1 year of using the remote vision therapy softwares, a reassessment was conducted. The reassessment results showed that the boy had shown significant improvement in both visual perceptual skills and visual efficiency skills along with improvement in visual acuity and stereopsis. His parents reported a significant improvement in his visual task and improved attention span and eye contact.

Based on a qualitative study of a broad and varied body of literature, this review of literature reveals the potential roles of accommodation and vergence in children with dyslexia. With a thorough literature study, this review of literature aims to provide an all-encompassing perspective on the binocular vision parameters in children with dyslexia and its significance in clinical practice in this review, addressing the lack of a comprehensive study in this area. By summarizing the latest research, this article is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, educators, and individuals interested in comprehending the relationship between dyslexia and binocular vision and exploring potential connections and implications. Both original and review papers were examined by searching research databases from 1991 to 2022, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Ovid. The ROBINS-I risk of bias assessment approach for non-randomized trials was used to evaluate the quality of the included papers. This review includes a total of eighteen articles. Because only the dyslexic population was studied in this study, all of the studies were non-randomized. Changes in Ocular parameters, the function of Accommodation, and Vergence in the dyslexic population were observed and included in this study. This review of literature provides educators and clinicians with crucial insights and awareness to enhance their understanding of the parameters associated with non-strabismic binocular vision disorders in children with dyslexia, as well as strategies for detection. Evidence-based guidelines can be created for controlling and assessing binocular vision parameters in children with dyslexia and their importance in clinical practice.

Objective: The relationship between morphological and visual parameters in age-related macular degeneration may reveal markers for diagnosis and management of this disease. However, there is an insignificant paucity of research reporting any strong correlation between visual and morphological components of typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Hence, the objectives of the present pilot research were to assess detailed visual components and various optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters in eyes with typical nAMD, and to determine the association between them.Material and Methods: Patients identified as naïve nAMD were recruited from a public hospital in Malaysia. Distance visual acuity (DVA), near visual acuity (NVA), reading speed (RS) and contrast sensitivity (CS) were assessed. Several quantitative and qualitative morphological parameters were evaluated, using the spectral-domain OCT. Results: Fifteen newly diagnosed Typical nAMD eyes were examined. Mean (±standard deviation) DVA, NVA, CS and RS were recorded as: 0.92±0.39, 0.80±0.38, 0.75±0.39, 70.02±14, respectively. Average retinal thickness, central thickness and centre maximum thickness demonstrated good correlation (r≥0.05 with BCVA, NVA and CS. Similarly, the Centre minimum thickness demonstrated a good correlation (r≥0.50) with DVA. An intact external limiting membrane and photoreceptors inner and outer segment showed better visual components. Conclusion: This present pilot study reported visual components and OCT parameters of Malaysian eyes with Typical nAMD, with some of the OCT parameters showing good correlation with visual components. Thus, regardless of its small sample size, this present pilot study generated new knowledge and understanding in this area. Future research with a larger sample is recommended.

Purpose None of the previous studies established a strong relationship between them. Thus, the aim of the present pilot research was to evaluate the detailed visual functions and qualitative and quantitative OCT parameters and to measure the correlation between them. Methods Patients diagnosed as naïve neovascular AMD were recruited from a public hospital of Malaysia. Best corrected distance visual acuity, near visual acuity, reading speed and contrast sensitivity were assessed. Several quantitative and qualitative morphological parameters were evaluated using the spectral-domain OCT. A semi auto method of image analysis was employed. Results Fifteen newly diagnosed typical neovascular AMD eyes were evaluated in this study. Mean (± SD) distance visual acuity, near visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and reading speed were recorded as 0.92 ± 0.39, 0.80 ± 0.38, 0.75 ± 0.39, 70.02 ± 14 respectively. Average retinal thickness, central thickness and centre maximum thickness showed good correlation (r = > 0.05) with distance visual acuity, near visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Similarly, centre minimum thickness showed good correlation (r = > 0.50) with distance visual acuity. An intact external limiting membrane and photoreceptors inner and outer segment showed better visual functions. Conclusion The present pilot study reported morphological and visual functions of Malaysian typical neovascular AMD eyes. All the visual functions of the study eyes showed significant impairment. Some of the OCT parameters showed good correlation with visual functions. Thus, regardless of small sample size, the present pilot study generated new knowledge and understanding on this area. Future research with large sample is recommended.

Although optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters have assisted in the diagnosis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), its potential to evaluate treatment outcomes has not been established. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate baseline OCT parameters that may influence treatment outcome in PCV eyes with combination therapy. In this single-centered, prospective study, patients were recruited with at least one treatment-naïve PCV eye and treated with combination therapy of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and photodynamic therapy. Best-corrected distance and near visual acuity (DVA and NVA), and contrast sensitivity (CS) were recorded at baseline and six months after treatment. OCT parameters were determined. Twenty-six eyes of 26 patients aged between 51 to 83 years were evaluated. In eyes that had disrupted external limiting membrane (ELM), photoreceptors inner and outer segment (IS-OS) junction at 1000 micron of fovea at baseline showed low mean visual functions after 6 months of treatment. Eyes with foveal sub-retinal fluid (SRF) and polyp at central 1000 micron of fovea at baseline showed significantly worse DVA and CS after six months. Thus, the presence of foveal SRF, foveal polyp, disrupted ELM, and IS-OS junction at baseline significantly influenced the six months’ visual outcome in PCV eyes treated with combination therapy.

The objective of this study was to compare visual parameters and retinal layers’ morphology pre-treatment (baseline) and 6 months post-treatment in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) eyes. A single centre, longitudinal, prospective study was conducted at a public tertiary hospital of Malaysia. Visual parameters including distance and near visual acuity (DVA and NVA), contrast sensitivity (CS), reading speed (RS), and different qualitative and quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters were evaluated pre- and 6 months post-treatment. Thirty-three naïve PCV eyes of 32 patients (mean age of 67.62 years) were evaluated pre- and post-treatment of intravitreal ranibizumab with and without photodynamic therapy. After treatment, sub retinal fluid decreased from 27 eyes (84.35%) at baseline to 7 eyes (21.88%) at 6 months while pigment epithelium detachment decreased from 32 eyes (100%) at base line to 15 eyes (46.87%) at 6 months. Mean pre-treatment quantitative morphological OCT retinal parameters including thickness and volume of central sub field, center thickness, center minimum, and maximum thickness reduced significantly. Similarly, all visual parameters including DVA, NVA, CS, and RS showed statistically significant improvement. While 89% of the eyes showed improvement in CS, 78%, 71%, and 65% of the eyes showed improvement in NVA, RS, and DVA, respectively. Thus, CS was the most treatment responsive visual parameter.

In early and intermediate age related macular degeneration (ARMD), visual acuity alone has failed to explain the complete variation of vision. The aim of the present study was to determine correlation between different visual functions and retinal morphology in eyes with early and intermediate ARMD. In this single center cross sectional study, patients diagnosed as early or intermediate ARMD in at least one eye were recruited. Visual functions measured were best- corrected distance visual acuity (DVA), near vision acuity (NVA), reading speed (RS), and contrast sensitivity (CS). Parameters such as thickness (RT) and volume (RV) of the retina, outer retinal layer thickness (ORLT) and volume (ORLV), outer nuclear layer thickness (ONLT) and volume (ONLV), retinal pigment epithelium layer-Bruch’s membrane complex thickness (RPET) and volume (RPEV) were assessed employing semi-auto segmentation method of Spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT). Twenty-six eyes were evaluated. DVA, CS, and RS showed significantly good correlation with RPET, ONLT, and ONLV, whereas NVA showed good correlation with ONLV and RPET. The present study concluded that RS, CS, NVA, and DVA represent the morphological alteration in early stages and should be tested in clinical settings. ONLT, ONLV, and RPET morphological parameters can be employed as important biomarkers in diagnosis of early to intermediate ARMD.