Theresa Manges

Zusammenfassung: Eine starke und positive Trainer_in-Athlet_in-Beziehung wird als wesentlich für sportliche Leistung erachtet und ist mit positiven Begleiterscheinungen wie erhöhter Zufriedenheit, Wohlbefinden und Motivation von Trainer_innen und Athlet_innen assoziiert ( Jowett, 2017 ). Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die theoriegeleitete Konzeption eines zweiteiligen Workshop-Programms, das inhaltlich die Trainer_in-Athlet_in-Beziehung und deren Kommunikation fokussiert. Das Workshop-Programm adressiert im Leistungssport tätige Trainer_innen und umfasst einen 3-stündigen Auftakt- und drei sich anschließende 4-stündige Intensiv-Workshops. Die theoretische Grundlage bildeten das 3+1 C Modell sowie das COMPASS Modell ( Jowett & Lavallee, 2007 ; Rhind & Jowett, 2010 ), während das DOSB-Kompetenzmodell ( Sygusch et al., 2020a , b ) als didaktische Grundlage genutzt wurde. Neben den konzeptionellen Überlegungen werden speziell auch Hinweise zur Durchführung als Erfahrungswerte sowie als Ergebnis der qualitativen Evaluation der ersten Implementierung reflektiert. Letztere zeigen, dass neben dem (sportartübergreifenden) fachlichen Austausch die praxisnahen Übungen sowie die Möglichkeit zur Reflexion positiv bewertet wurden. Gleichzeitig wurde der Wunsch nach stärkerer Individualisierung geäußert.

The coach−athlete relationship that develops over an athletic career is fundamental to athletic performance. This study examined the psychometric properties of the German version of the Coach−Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q) from the perspective of coaches and athletes. 229 coaches and 515 athletes from numerous sports and competitive levels participated. The CART-Q shows good internal consistency. A confirmatory factor analysis replicated the factorial structure of the original English CART-Q for the German coach (CFI = .929, TLI = .902, RMSEA = .095, SRMR = .052) and athlete versions (CFI = .950, TLI = .934, RMSEA = .093, SRMR = .043). The CART-Q’s construct validity appeared in associations with relationship satisfaction and perceived coach leadership behaviors. Furthermore, concurrent correlations with leadership behavior indicated criterion validity. The results suggest that the German CART-Q is a reliable and valid instrument for research and applied settings.

As an athlete’s moral disengagement is one of the strongest predictors for doping intention, the purpose of the present study was to validate a German version of the Moral Disengagement in Doping Scale (MDDS; Kavussanu et al., 2016 ) by examining its psychometric properties. In a sample of 1,038 athletes, confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) replicated the postulated one-dimensional structure of the scale, and further analyses indicated acceptable internal consistency and retest reliability. Multigroup CFAs confirmed the measurement invariance across different subsamples as well as across male and female participants. Moreover, construct (criterion) validity was established in a subsample of 724 athletes through correlations between the MDDS-D and related constructs such as doping intention and susceptibility, anticipated guilt, and collective moral norms. Taken together, these results suggest that the MDDS-D is a suitable instrument for measuring doping moral disengagement in the German language area, which may be especially beneficial for the evaluation of doping prevention programs focusing on moral variables.

Doping has serious negative consequences for athletes and the integrity of sports, implying the need for effective prevention programs. Since educating young athletes about doping-related knowledge is deemed to be not sufficiently effective to minimize doping, a focus on values, emotions and morality is seen as a promising approach and previous research indicates which variables exactly could be addressed in anti-doping efforts. These variables are anticipated guilt, empathy, moral disengagement, and collective moral norms, since these constructs have been strongly and consistently linked to doping intention, likelihood, or behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a values-based anti-doping intervention, which targets the aforementioned variables, and to evaluate its effectiveness in producing changes in outcomes in comparison to an information-based intervention and a waiting control group. To evaluate their effectiveness, both interventions, which each consist of six 45-min sessions (one session per week) were implemented in a sample of 321 young elite athletes, aged 13–19 years, from a broad range of team and individual sports. Thirty different teams, training groups or classes were randomly assigned to either the values-based intervention, the information-based intervention, or to a waiting control group. Doping intention, doping susceptibility as well as the above mentioned variables were assessed at pre- and posttest and, for participants of the values- and information-based conditions also at a 3 to 4-month follow up. Within a multilevel modeling framework general linear mixed regression analyses revealed that the values-based intervention, compared to the control group, was able to decrease athletes' moral disengagement and increase their anticipated guilt immediately after the intervention (at posttest), whereas no effects for the information-based intervention emerged. Looking at how the outcomes developed over time (i.e., at the follow up measurement), it could be demonstrated that the reduction in moral disengagement sustained. The increase in anticipated guilt, however, was not sustainable and, surprisingly, decreased from post to follow up. Furthermore, athletes in the values-based intervention reported higher empathy from post to follow up, which could possibly indicate a “delayed” effect. This study provides support that a values-based approach can produce changes in some, yet, not all addressed variables and specific elements from this intervention could potentially be a useful addition to traditional anti-doping education (i.e., information provision).