Soedjajadi Keman

Introduction: This study aimed to design and assess the content validity of a risk-based self-assessment instrument for IRTPs to independently monitor their food-safety practices. Methods: A modified version of the Research and Development (R&D) process was adapted to conduct this study in three phases. Phase 1 involved identifying strategic issues for intervention based on 115 IRTPs' audit results and E. coli risk analysis. Phase 2 involved drafting the instrument, followed by focus group discussions (FGDs) with multi-stakeholder participants. Phase 3 involved assessing the content validity of the instrument across 28 items by a two-member expert panel consisting of a Food Safety Expert from the local health authority and a senior public health academic. Results: Issues identified in The problem-identification process revealed 10 critical areas of concern, including basic sanitation, storage management, and employee hygiene. An intervention module was developed, consisting of a diagnostic checklist and solution guide. The instrument demonstrated high expert-rated content validity (mean CVI = 0.95) and a high percentage agreement among experts (95%). Conclusions: This study produced a preliminary Self-Assessment Instrument with high expert-rated content validity for use as a public health intervention tool to support internal food safety monitoring and may help promote a food safety culture among informal-sector producers. Field reliability, usability among IRTP owners, and outcome validity against bacteriological contamination require further testing.

The lungs function as the organs responsible for the respiratory system and they are essential for breathing, where any dysfunction can impair the respiratory processes. Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung disease that progresses slowly and is not contagious. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of airborne microplastic exposure on the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines, and on fibroblast cell formation in Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain rats. This research was a quantitative analytical study with a laboratory experimental approach that used experimental animals as research subjects. The research design was a true experimental design with a randomized posttest-only group design. The research was conducted at the molecular level, and the indicators measured were molecular biomarkers. This design involved dividing the experimental animals into six groups: a control group (X0) and five treatment groups (X1, X2, X3, X4, and X5), which received doses of 0.025, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/L, respectively. Biomarkers and microscopic changes were then measured after 90 days of treatment. In Wistar rats, microplastic exposure significantly increased the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines, which play an important role in the early phase of the inflammatory response in the lungs, as well as the formation of fibroblast cells as indicators of pulmonary fibrosis. Subchronic inhalation exposure to polyethylene microplastics significantly increased the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β cytokines, and the formation of fibroblast cells, leading to pulmonary fibrosis.

Waste is a classic problem for developing countries like Indonesia. Coastal areas are one of the areas that most vulnerable to environmental problems, especially those related to plastic waste. This community service activity aims to increase community knowledge about the importance of waste management and encourage them to turn waste into handicraft products that have economic value. This community service activity is in partnership with the community in the Keputih coastal area and local community leaders in RT VII RW VIII Keputih. The method used is to provide counseling, training and assistance to the community. Evaluation of activities is carried out by assessing: 1) knowledge about waste (inorganic and organic that is difficult to decompose) through pre-test and post-test regarding educational materials, 2) assessment of the ability to practice waste management (crafting) and 3) Impact of activities is carried out by reviewing Has waste management been implemented from households to TPS? The education and assistance on waste management, including sorting and making handicrafts from waste, has been successful with 3 indicators achieved, namely the presence of the community in counseling (80%), 65% of the target community has increased their knowledge, and 75% of the target community has sorted waste and made crafts from plastic waste. It is hoped that community service activities can be sustainable, such as providing education to target communities regarding how to sell handicrafts made from waste, and collaborating with other parties that can improve the branding of handicraft products.

Objective Toluene is the most abundant lipophilic aromatic compound in our environment. Exposure to toluene through inhalation is toxic to the cardiovascular system due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that trigger oxidative stress. This study aims to examine the response of coronary arteries to toluene inhalation exposure based on the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in coronary arteries, and levels of CYP2E1 with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) in the serum. Methods This was a true experimental study on Wistar rats with a post-test control group design. In total, 36 Wistar rats were divided into five experimental (X1–X5) and one control group. The experimental groups were exposed to 1.6, 3.2, 6.4, 12.8, and 25.6 mL of toluene, respectively. All groups, except control, received inhalation exposure for 14 d (6 h/d). Results In Wistar rats, toluene exposure significantly reduced the expression of SOD and CAT enzymes while it increased the expression of MDA and VCAM-1 in the coronary artery. Serum levels of CYP2E1 and Ox-LDL were unaffected. Conclusion Acute inhalation exposure to toluene significantly decreased SOD and CAT expression with increased MDA and VCAM-1 expression in coronary arteries. Other findings suggest that decreased CAT expression leads to increased VCAM-1 expression in the coronary artery.

Microplastics are plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter that contaminate the environment. Humans and animals can inhale microplastics measuring 2 μm to 1 mm in the air. There has been limited research on inhalation exposure to low-density polyethylene (LDPE) microplastics. This study aimed to investigate the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Wistar strain of Rattus norvegicus due to exposure to LDPE in the air. This study is an experimental study using a post-test control group design on the Wistar strain of Rattus norvegicus. Five experimental groups (X1 to This result showed the SOD and CAT enzymes were not present or active. There was no difference between groups of both SOD and CAT enzymes. The microplastic particles in the blood (/mL) were identified in each intervention group which was 6.80 ± 2.58 (X1), 17.67 ± 9.02 (X2), 35.83 ± 12.22 (X3), 41.17 ± 14.72 (X4), and 57.50 ± 6.47 (X5) while in control group was 1.80 ± 1.30 with fragments being the most dominant form of microplastics. It can be concluded that ROS was not seen due to the dose, chamber condition, and exposure technique should be intratracheal. The greater the dose of LDPE exposure, the greater the average microplastics in the blood of the Wistar strain of Rattus norvegicus in both the control and intervention groups.

Microplastics are the result of degradation of plastic waste in nature and contain various toxicological effects. It is estimated that humans inhale around 100,000 fine particles of plastic every day. The aim of this research is to determine whether exposure to microplastics in the air has an impact on human lungs. Data search in this study used four electronic databases, namely Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and PubMed. 15 articles were included for analysis in this systematic review following a screening process of titles, abstract, and full texts that was based on clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Risk assessment to reduce data bias using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tool. Our findings from this systematic review show that airborne microplastic contamination has a negative effect on human lungs. It is recommended that government policies should be formed regarding the use of plastics so as to reduce airborne contamination.

Introduction: A group of people in China were hospitalized with an initial diagnosis of pneumonia of unknown cause. The patients were linked to a wholesale wet seafood and animal market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. The disease has spread to other provinces in China, Thailand, Japan, and South Korea in less than a month. SARS-CoV-2 was found to originate from bats. Therefore, this research aims to analyze SARS-CoV-2 mutation in bats in Malang Karst, Indonesia. Methods: Other bat body parts used as research samples include the brain, liver, kidneys, intestines, pancreas, fetus, blood, lungs, and ectoparasites. The samples were taken separately and placed in a container containing 10% PBF. For further analysis, we used RNA Extraction, Real-Time PCR, Sequencing, and CoV Gisaid mutation analysis software to analyze the sequencing data. Then, EMBL software will be used to analyze the phylogenetically. Results and Discussion: There was 1 sample that showed a positive result for Covid-19, namely the intestine of the Cynoptera brachyotis species. There were differences between SARS-CoV-2 in bats in Malang Karst in Indonesia compared to SARS-CoV from 2000 to 2019. The spike protein's receptor binding domain (RBD) is the most variable part of the coronavirus genome. Conclusion: From the research results, one positive sample was obtained using Real-Time PCR, and based on mutation analysis, mutations were found in SARS-CoV-2 against the SARS-CoV virus from 2000-2019. Further research is needed, especially regarding SARS-CoV-2 as a vaccine.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, there were 6,205 cases of food poisoning recorded by the Public Health Emergency Operation Centre (PHEOC) Indonesia. Objective: The objectives of this study were to assess the profile, knowledge, attitude, and practice of food safety among college students in a pandemic situation. Method: This research is a cross-sectional study conducted online at Universitas Jember, Indonesia, in October 2020. The sample used was (n=187, college students whose profiles, knowledge, attitude and practice were analysed with a chi-square test and Spearman rank (α = 0.05). Result: The respondents were female (86.1%) and living in a dormitory (90.9%). The knowledge was medium, the attitude was neutral, and the practice was average. There was a significant correlation between profile and knowledge, attitude, and practice (p < 0.05); knowledge and attitude; knowledge and practice; attitude and practice in food safety among college students. (p < 0.05; α = 0.05). Conclusion: The college curriculum should be improved in knowledge, attitude and practice to prevent foodborne disease, especially in the pandemic situation.