Bogdana Cherniavska

The article provides a comprehensive scientific, theoretical, and practical analysis of the issues surrounding the criminal liability of state bailiffs for offenses committed in the field of enforcement of judicial decisions on the confiscation of goods seized by customs authorities. It examines the specific legal status of the state bailiff as a special subject of public authority in ensuring the economic security of the state, whose activities lie at the intersection of enforcement, customs, and criminal law. The key factors causing a high level of corruption risks and opportunities for official abuse at the stage of transferring property from customs warehouses to the direct disposal of the state executive service organs are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the modern dimension of criminal offenses – the integration of fraudulent schemes (Article 190 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) into enforcement proceedings. The mechanisms of deception and breach of trust are detailed, which manifest in the intentional misleading of electronic auction participants, artificial blocking of access to information on liquid property, and manipulation of its characteristics for the purpose of buying out confiscated goods by related parties at undervalued prices. Within the framework of the study, the main types of criminal offenses in the sphere of official activity (Articles 191, 364, 367 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) are structured. Based on a thorough analysis of current judicial practice, the difficulties related to determining the amount of damage caused to the state, the competition of overlapping legal norms, and defects in interagency communication are highlighted. It is substantiated that intentional manipulations with the procedures of inspection, valuation, and sale of highly liquid confiscated goods negate the institution of administrative liability for violations of customs rules and cause systemic losses to the state budget of Ukraine. Theoretical conclusions and practical recommendations are formulated, aimed at minimizing the human factor through end-to-end digitalization of interaction processes between customs and the executive service based on transparent electronic registers and blockchain technology, and promising directions for harmonizing national legislation with current European Union standards are outlined.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the legal and economic aspects of the relocation of healthcare enterprises in Ukraine under martial law and assesses state policy on promoting competition in the markets for medical services. It examines the legal framework governing the relocation of medical facilities, pharmaceutical enterprises and laboratories from front-line areas to safer regions, together with the specific legal barriers involved: licensing, compliance with GMP standards and the deferral of staff. The mechanisms for state aid to relocated enterprises – transport compensation, grants, preferential lending and property leasing – are analysed in the context of the Law of Ukraine "On State Aid to Business Entities". It has been established that the current system requires improvement in terms of ensuring non-discriminatory access to resources for private providers. Ways of harmonising national legislation with EU rules on state aid in the healthcare sector have been proposed. Particular attention has been paid to clarifying the dual role of municipal non-profit enterprises, which simultaneously operate within the Medical Guarantees Programme on the basis of solidarity and provide fee-based commercial services in direct competition with the private sector. The specific features of the legal regulation of preferential property leases at a rate of 1 hryvnia per square metre, which creates selective advantages and risks of cross-subsidisation, have been examined. Based on an analysis of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union in the FENIN and Dôvera cases, it has been demonstrated that there are no signs of economic activity in the core funding of public hospitals through the National Health Service of Ukraine. Ways of adapting Ukrainian legislation to the requirements of the Association Agreement have been proposed through transparent cost accounting, the balancing test and the formalisation of services of general economic interest (SGEI).

This article examines the legal aspects of ensuring economic competition and economic security for healthcare facilities in the context of their relocation. It analyses the current Ukrainian legislation governing the relocation of healthcare facilities and the formation of a viable network, as well as the regulatory acts that define the procedure for financing healthcare services and exercising state control over the concentration of economic entities. Gaps have been identified in the legal regulation of the balance between the state's interest in ensuring the accessibility of healthcare services and the principles of free competition. The need to improve mechanisms for state control over the concentration of healthcare facilities, taking into account the specific nature of the healthcare market and the state of martial law, has been substantiated. Ways of optimising legal regulation have been proposed with a view to ensuring the economic security of healthcare institutions during their relocation and merger. Particular attention is paid to the system of healthcare funding as a fundamental element in ensuring the economic security of hospitals. The legislative provisions governing the implementation of the state guarantee scheme – which serves as the main financial instrument for both evacuated and local healthcare institutions – are analysed. It is demonstrated that a stable redistribution of capital prevents the bankruptcy of relocated enterprises. Balancing the state's interest in preserving infrastructure with the market principles of free competition requires the immediate resolution of identified legal conflicts.

У статті досліджено глобальну проблему протидії торгівлею людьми внаслідок здійснення упереджувальних заходів. Акцентовано, що, незважаючи на розроблення комплексних заходів боротьби з торгівлею людьми, рік за роком чисель­ність цього виду злочину лише зростає. Проаналізовано методологічні підходи до вивчення проблеми, запропоновано розглянути метод індивідуально-роз’яс­нювальної роботи із вразливими категоріями осіб. Наголошено на користі навчання інтент-аналізу як базового навику для роз­пізнання людиною спроб маніпулювання нею в контексті протидії мовним маніпуляціям. Запропоновано й інші організацій­но-правові заходи убезпечення вразливих категорій людей від злочинів, що пов’язані з торгівлею людьми.

The authors explore the issue of safeguarding personal data, particularly its identifying components, in the context of the Internet. Doxing, a criminal act involving the unauthorized collection of information and its public dissemination without the owner’s consent, has gained significant traction on social media platforms, where identifying information can be quickly spread and misused against individuals. Large language models (artificial intelligence) are integrated into many software programs designed to protect personal data. However, in light of large-scale data breaches, the authors raise concerns about the liability of entities or individuals who fail to adequately secure such data, especially when cyber incidents are linked to the use of AI. The rapid advancement and widespread use of artificial intelligence contribute to these growing concerns. In 2023, the emergence of several language models facilitated both the manipulation and aggregation of data, exacerbating the problem. The authors express serious concerns about ensuring user privacy and information security in a landscape increasingly shaped by open-source intelligence and the further exploitation of such data. In an era where personal data has become a highly valuable commodity, protecting it has become a priority for governments worldwide. In light of this, the authors aim to examine and synthesize international legal approaches to safeguarding the right to privacy and regulating the protection of personal (identifying) information on the Internet. The study relies on general scientific methods of inquiry, including comparative analysis and modelling. The authors conclude that cyberattacks, the theft of personal data, the increasing use of open-source intelligence, the penetration of digital identification technologies into all socio-economic processes, and the proliferation of the Internet of Things pose real threats to individual privacy and the security of identifying information as a critical component of personal data.

Information-psychological influences, attacks, and operations do not have a physical manifestation but generate destabilizing internal and external processes within a state. These processes cause aggression, anxiety, and dissatisfaction among the population, potentially leading to open physical conflict. The use of the Internet enables extremist organizations to access mass media, spreading propaganda, informing about their goals, tasks, measures, and forms of support. The authors emphasize the significant impact of modern information and communication technologies on increasing threats to political stability and the security of any state. The aim of this paper is to highlight foreign experiences regarding organizational and legal measures that prevent the spread of disinformation, aimed at inciting hostility and hatred within a state. The study draws on experiences from large-scale protest actions, organized and coordinated through social networks on the Internet. The authors note that blogs, social networks, electronic maps, and video hosting sites are currently used without restrictions for political destabilization. Social networks enable immediate support from like-minded individuals and the publication of extremist materials, which contribute to the escalation of socio-political, ethnic, and interfaith conflicts. The main research methods are comparative analysis, statistical method, historical method, structural-functional method of cognition. Having studied the periods of formation of the system for countering the spread of disinformation in the EU, the authors concluded that the work on countering the spread of disinformation is conducted comprehensively and systematically and is constantly being improved in accordance with the challenges. In the EU countries, not only the practice of combating disinformation has been developed, but also an array of normative legal acts has been adopted to prevent the spread of disinformation. The European experience demonstrates the importance of a balance between freedom of speech and security measures in the information space. Such a comprehensive and conceptual approach should be the basis for creating a system for countering the spread of disinformation in Ukraine.

У статті виокремлено проблеми, що супроводжують сучасну фінансову глобалізацію, яка підсилює багато важливих тенденцій у сучасній економіці, у тому числі створення безпрецедентних можливостей для міжнародного руху капіталу. Наголошується, що такі позитивні процеси створили сприятливі умови для легалізації коштів, одержаних злочинним шляхом, і для ухилення від сплати податків. Така практика може негативно відбитися на стабільності фінансових систем і суспільстві загалом, особливо, коли світом ширяться війни, зростає ризик терористичних атак тощо. Tax Information Exchange Agreements (Угода про обмін податковою інформацією) є важливим інструментом у боротьбі з легалізацією (відмиванням) доходів, одержаним злочинним шляхом, фінансування тероризму та фінансуванню розповсюдження зброї масового знищення. Впровадження загального стандарту звітності CRS є одним із міжнародних зобов’язань України як члена Глобального форуму ОЕСР. Буквально упродовж року Україна розпочне у цьому напрямі свою активну діяльність, разом з тим вже сьогодні вбачаються проблемні аспекти, що потребують наукового дослідження й правового опосередкування.