Francesco Ceccariglia

Enophthalmos is a severe complication of primary reconstruction following orbital floor frac-tures, oncological resections or maxillo-facial syndromes. The goal of secondary reconstruction is to re-store symmetrical globe positions to recover function and aesthetics. In this article we pre-sent a method of computer-assisted orbital floor reconstruction using a mirroring technique and a customized titanium or high-density polyethylene mesh, printed using computer aided manufac-turing techniques. This reconstructive protocol involves 4 steps: mirroring of the healthy orbit at the affected site, vir-tual design of a patient specific orbital floor mesh, computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD) of the implant, and surgical insertion of the device. Using a computed tomography data set, the un-injured side of the craniofacial skeleton was reflected onto the contralateral injured side, and a reconstructive orbital floor prosthesis was virtually designed on the mirrored orbital bone sur-face. The solid-to-layer (.STL) files of the prosthesis were then manufactured using Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) or Computer Numerical Control (CNC) methods, leading to the produc-tion of 10 titanium meshes and 2 high density polyethylene (HDPE) implants. Clinical outcomes were assessed using 3dMD photogrammetry and computed tomography measures in 14 treated patients. The technique described here appears to be a viable method to correct complex orbital floor de-fects needing delayed reconstruction. This article represents the prosecution of a previous study, which is part of a wider experimental protocol for orbital floor reconstruction using comput-er-assisted design-computer-assisted manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology

Primary and secondary reconstruction of maxillomandibular defects has always been one of the most important challenges of the maxillofacial surgeon. In this article, the authors describe a case series of secondary and primary reconstruction with fre...

Although the fibula free flap represents the gold standard for mandibular reconstructions, when implanted as a single barrel, this flap does not have the cross-sectional requisites to restore the native mandibular height, which is in turn required for the implant-supported dental rehabilitation of the patient. Our team has developed a design workflow that already considers the predicted dental rehabilitation, positioning the fibular free flap in the correct craniocaudal position to restore the native alveolar crest. The remaining height gap along the inferior mandibular margin is then filled by a patient-specific implant. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy in transferring the planned mandibular anatomy resulting from said workflow on 10 patients by means of a new rigid body analysis method, derived from the evaluation of orthognathic surgery procedures. The analysis method has proved to be reliable and reproducible, and the results obtained show that the procedure already has satisfactory accuracy (4.6° mean total angular discrepancy, 2.7 mm total translational discrepancy, 1.04 mm mean neo-alveolar crest surface deviation), while also pointing out possible improvements to the virtual planning workflow.

In the relevant global context, although virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality have been emerging methodologies for several years, only now have technological and scientific advances made them suitable for revolutionizing clinical care and medical settings through the provision of advanced features and improved healthcare services. Over the past fifteen years, tools and applications using augmented reality (AR) have been designed and tested in the context of various surgical and medical disciplines, including maxillofacial surgery. The purpose of this paper is to show how a marker-less AR guidance system using the Microsoft^® HoloLens 2 can be applied in mandible and maxillary demolition surgery to guide maxillary osteotomies. We describe three mandibular and maxillary oncologic resections performed during 2021 using AR support. In these three patients, we applied a marker-less tracking method based on recognition of the patient’s facial profile. The surgeon, using HoloLens 2 smart glasses, could see the virtual surgical planning superimposed on the patient’s anatomy. We showed that performing osteotomies under AR guidance is feasible and viable, as demonstrated by comparison with osteotomies performed using CAD-CAM cutting guides. This technology has advantages and disadvantages. However, further research is needed to improve the stability and robustness of the marker-less tracking method applied to patient face recognition.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a disease that affects the jaw. It is mainly related to radiation or bisphosphonates therapy, and the symptoms and signs consist of pain, bone exposure, inflammation of the surrounding soft tissue swelling, and secondary infection or drainage. In the case of advanced disease of the mandibular area, the treatment of choice is mandibular resection and reconstruction. In the present study, we report a case series of patients affected by ONJ and treated with a customised bridging mandibular prosthesis-only technique. From 2016 to 2018, we treated five consecutive patients affected by ONJ: three patients were affected by biphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the mandible (BRONJ) and two were affected by osteoradionecrosis of the mandible (ORNJ). Three patients needed a soft tissue free flap to permit optimal wound closure, intra- and/or extraorally. All reconstructive procedures were carried out successfully, with no major or minor microvascular complication. The average postoperative follow-up was 24.8 (range 10–41) months. Considering that microvascular bone transfer is a high-risk procedure in BRONJ patients, we can conclude that the positioning of a customised bridging mandibular prosthesis (CBMP), whether or not associated with a microvascular soft tissue transfer, is a safe technique in terms of surgical outcome and feasibility.