Panpan Gai

The development of digital healthcare has raised demands for proactive, long‐term, and high‐precision health monitoring, which greatly promotes the innovation of intelligent wearable medical devices. Wearable sensor patches feature superior flexibility, lightweight structure, and skin conformability, enabling continuous in vivo physiological signal acquisition and showing enormous potential in personalized health monitoring and precise disease intervention. However, several critical technical bottlenecks severely restrict their clinical translation, including unsatisfactory biocompatibility, inefficient multimodal signal fusion, unstable sustainable energy supply, and vulnerable data security and privacy protection. Focusing on the latest advances in wearable sensor patches oriented to health monitoring and disease diagnosis and treatment, this review systematically elaborates the key enabling technologies of wearable patches, covering functional materials, miniaturization and fabrication, self‐powered systems, and multimodal sensing architectures. Furthermore, we summarize the practical applications of wearable patches in multimodal physiological signal monitoring, chronic disease management, neuropsychiatric disorder evaluation, and rehabilitation medicine. This review also discusses the role of artificial intelligence and digital integration technology in intelligent data analysis and personalized health modeling. Importantly, we highlight current challenges and future research directions, aiming to provide insights and reliable references for the further optimization and clinical implementation of wearable sensor patches in next‐generation intelligent healthcare systems.

Understanding the nature of electrode–electrolyte interface remains a long‐sought goal in electrochemistry, as it could help to address major societal challenges of our time, such as the global energy and environmental crisis. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging enables the direct visualization of the electrode–electrolyte interface, rather than inferring active sites from morphology or surface chemistry. However, the signal decay and limited stability of ECL signals restrict their practical application. Here, by utilizing the high‐frequency pulsed output of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), we developed a TENG‐based electrochemiluminescence (TECL) imaging inspired by the cardiac diastole‐systole cycle. The TECL signal overcomes the limitations of traditional ECL and employs a zero‐shot deconvolution network (ZS‐DeconvNet) to achieve super‐resolution TECL (ZSSR‐TECL) imaging. Utilizing the ZSSR‐TECL imaging, the catalytic regions at the electrode‐electrolyte interface can be analyzed, with high‐activity, moderate‐activity, and degraded regions clearly distinguished. In addition, three methods have been established for analyzing the catalytic activity of the electrode‐electrolyte interface, including direct observation of TECL images, analysis of signal intensity profiles, and quantification of total signal intensity in fixed regions. The TECL imaging has the potential to enable the research of electrode‐electrolyte interfaces and offers a perspective for enhancing ECL imaging.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal regulators of plant growth and stress response. The development of plant wearable miRNA-specific sensors holds significant potential to unveil new insights into plant physiology and to advance precision agriculture. However, monitoring miRNA expression in living plants remains a formidable challenge due to their low abundance, short sequence length, and complex matrix of real plant tissues. Herein, a plant wearable dual-electrode ratiometric chip (DER-Chip) was designed and fabricated for the direct, in-field sensitive determination of miRNA without the requirement of target enrichment or any pretreatment. The DER-Chip consists of two flexible electrodes: a hydrogel electrode for housing the DNA probes and extracting targets from the complex plant extrudate and a specially designed gold nanoparticle-modified laser-induced graphene (LIG/Au) electrode for reliable electrochemical signal readout. Through being equipped with target-triggered hybridization chain reaction amplification, ratiometric electrochemical signal output, and a magnetic-driven directional transfer strategy, the DER-Chip exhibited excellent analytical performance for plant miRNA with a detection limit down to 3.2 fM. Given the advancements in scalable manufacturing techniques and the miniaturization of biological assays, the proposed wearable chip can be engineered with a portable analyzer for in situ assessment of miRNA expression levels in tomatoes under drought and salt stress conditions.

Soil salinization threatens global food security by disrupting plant ion homeostasis and triggering complex hormonal signaling cascades. Early detection of salt stress and real-time tracking of stress-responsive physiological dynamics remain major technical bottlenecks, as current methods rely on destructive sampling or single-parameter sensing that obscure the crosstalk between ionic and hormonal networks. Here, we report a wearable plant electronic system that enables noninvasive, in situ monitoring of K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis and salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, two key indicators of plant salt stress adaptation. The integrated platform combines flexible laser-induced graphene (LIG) ion-selective electrodes enhanced with a SnS₂–MoS₂ heterostructure for stable potentiometric sensing, a reverse iontophoresis module for noninvasive analyte extraction, and a biocompatible flexible zinc-air battery for long-term power supply. Deployed on tobacco plants, the wearable device detected salt stress within 24 h by capturing the initial disruption of the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and the subsequent accumulation of SA, far preceding visible symptoms. The temporally resolved data revealed a dynamic correlation where SA accumulation coincided with a partial recovery of the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio, suggesting an active role of SA in modulating ion homeostasis. This wearable plant electronic system transcends the limitations of conventional single-parameter detection, providing a powerful tool for early stress diagnosis, deciphering plant adaptive mechanisms, and advancing precision agriculture to mitigate the impact of soil salinization.

The marine environment has become a critical reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes, driven largely by antibiotic overuse in aquaculture and the global dissemination of pathogens via ocean currents. While nanozymes offer a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics, their practical deployment in seawater remains fundamentally limited by activity loss under alkaline pH and high salinity. To address this environmental compatibility challenge, we developed a seawater-tolerant nanozyme (VOCN@lys) through lysine functionalization of a MOF-derived vanadium oxide. VOCN@lys operates effectively across a broad pH range (2–10) and under high-salinity conditions by maintaining robust dual enzyme-mimicking (oxidase- and peroxidase-like) activities. Notably, VOCN@lys exhibits potent antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) through its intrinsic nanozyme catalysis, enabling complete bacterial eradication without the need for exogenous H₂O₂. This work provides an environmentally compatible nanozyme strategy that directly addresses the core limitations of conventional nanomaterials in marine settings, offering a practical approach to mitigate the spread of antimicrobial resistance in aquatic ecosystems.

Conventional luminol chemiluminescence (CL) is typically generated in luminophore solutions, but its development and practical application are constrained by the inherent limitations of coreactants. Herein, inspired by contact-electro-catalysis (CEC), we have developed a CEC-based CL system, denoted as contact-electro-catalysis chemiluminescence (CECL), which overcomes the limitations of coreactants in conventional CL systems. Water can serve directly as a coreactant, eliminating the need for hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in luminol CL systems, and the CECL system consists of only luminophore solution, dielectric polymer particles, and an ultrasound source. Furthermore, we have found that the CECL mechanism involves the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from water through the reverse oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process, which subsequently react with luminol to produce CECL signals. Lastly, CECL not only introduces a CEC-based system for CL systems but also provides a promising approach for biochemical detection and information encryption. This work successfully integrates CEC with CL technology and opens up a promising direction for CL development.

Laser scribing-based nanotechnology shows superior performance in the precise and scalable construction of customized sensors. In light of the significant threats posed by pesticide residues to food safety and ecological sustainability, progressive sensing devices are highly desirable for the simultaneous, sensitive, and selective detection of multiple pesticides. Herein, an electrochemical microfluidic aptasensing chip (EMAC), consisting of a self-supported gold nanoparticle-decorated laser-induced graphene (LIG/Au) electrode array and a laser-patterned microfluidic channel, was developed for the simultaneous detection of multiple pesticide residues by combining aptamer-based target recognition and rolling circle amplification (RCA). Specifically, both the LIG/Au electrode array and the microfluidic channel were created in a scalable fashion through a direct, simple, mask-free, and controllable laser scribing process, which facilitates the creation of several LIG/Au electrode-based parallel sensing elements within a single microfluidic chip, thereby enabling the simultaneous detection of multiple pesticides with high sensitivity and selectivity. Furthermore, the proposed EMAC revealed excellent reproducibility, high stability, and satisfactory analytical performance for assessing pesticide residues in pakchoi leaves, roots, and soils. Therefore, this work offers new insights into the creation of next-generation electrochemical microfluidic chips for simultaneously monitoring multiple targets.

Despite advances in wearable sweat sensors, the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes remains a challenge due to signal overlap. Ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) are promising biomarkers for early diagnostics, but their similar oxidation potentials impede selective detection on conventional electrodes. To overcome this limitation, we developed a flexible sensor based on a copper-doped laser-induced graphene (Cu-LIG) electrode for the separate and simultaneous detection of these three biomarkers. The Cu-LIG electrode exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activity compared to pristine LIG and performs effectively in artificial sweat. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry confirm its improved electrochemical performance, including high sensitivity and low detection limits. This electrode demonstrates strong potential for integration into flexible, wearable health-monitoring devices.

Neonicotinoid insecticides have been widely applied in modern agriculture to improve crop productivity, but their residues have adverse impacts on the environment and human health. Hence, to address these issues, a portable self-powered/colorimetric dual-mode sensing platform was developed for the simple, rapid, precise, and sensitive on-site detection of acetamiprid (ATM) residues in vegetables. In this case, a multifunctional bioconjugate with specific recognition capability, excellent enzyme-like activity, and loading capacity is the key to the sensing design. Using an Eppendorf (EP) tube as a miniaturized laboratory, the bioconjugates and the colorimetric test strip were integrated into the EP tube, and combined with a nanozyme-based self-powered sensing platform (with an area of 1.5 × 1.5 cm²), accurate on-site detection of ATM was achieved, with detection limits as low as 2.9 fg·mL^-1 (self-powered method) and 31.5 fg·mL^-1 (colorimetry), respectively. Notably, we simulated the actual insecticidal situation based on the field application concentration and quantified the pesticide residues in vegetables. The relative errors of our method and the standard high-performance liquid chromatography method were 0.15% (the self-powered method) and 1.8% (colorimetry), respectively. The portable dual-mode sensing platform with high sensitivity and accuracy opened up a new avenue for the development of on-site pesticide residue analysis in the next generation of agricultural products.

Cell ion channels, cell proliferation and metastasis, and many other life activities are inseparable from the regulation of trace or even single copper ion (Cu⁺ and/or Cu²⁺). In this work, an electrochemical sensor for sensitive quantitative detection of 0.4−4 amol L⁻¹ copper ions is developed by adopting: (1) copper ions catalyzing the click-chemistry reaction to capture numerous signal units; (2) special adsorption assembly method of signal units to ensure signal generation efficiency; and (3) fast scan voltammetry at 400 V s⁻¹ to enhance signal intensity. And then, the single-atom detection of copper ions is realized by constructing a multi-layer deep convolutional neural network model FSVNet to extract hidden features and signal information of fast scan voltammograms for 0.2 amol L⁻¹ of copper ions. Here, we show a multiple signal amplification strategy based on functionalized nanomaterials and fast scan voltammetry, together with a deep learning method, which realizes the sensitive detection and even single-atom detection of copper ions.