Emiliano Mettini

Context and relevance. The dynamics of linguistic norms represent a central issue in modern sociolinguistics, particularly in the context of global digitalization. The Italian language, with its unique history marked by a centuries-old gap between written literary tradition and oral dialectal practices, provides an ideal model for studying the radical transformations language undergoes under the influence of new technologies. These changes lead not only to the emergence of new linguistic forms but also to a fundamental shift in the paradigm of linguistic competence and authority. Purpose. To trace the historical evolution of the Italian language from the formation of its literary canon to its contemporary digital transformation, and to identify and characterize the new criteria for assessing language proficiency emerging in the digital age. Hypothesis. The historical duality of «book civilization» and «oral civilization» in Italy is coming to an end, giving way to a «digital civilization of spontaneous text», where linguistic norms lose their prescriptive power, and traditional literacy criteria are replaced by principles of pragmatic effectiveness and hybridity. Methods and materials. The research is based on the analysis of a wide corpus of scholarly works on the history of the Italian language, sociolinguistics, and computer-mediated communication (e.g., De Mauro, Berruto, Sabatini, Fresu, Raimo, Antonelli, Pasolini). The study employs historical-evolutionary, comparative, and descriptive linguistic methods. Results. It is established that a new system for assessing linguistic competence is forming in the digital environment, including: 1) the criterion of digital communicative effectiveness; 2) the criterion of proficiency in hybrid code-mixing; 3) the criterion of adaptability to digital genres; 4) the criterion of emotional and social signaling; and 5) the criterion of speed and spontaneity. The linguistic profile of the «digitized semi-literate» speaker (semicolto digitalizzato) is becoming the dominant type of language user. Conclusions. The findings demonstrate that the ongoing changes indicate complex adaptation of linguistic culture. The concept of an «error» is being replaced by the concept of «relevance» in a specific digital context, signaling a shift in the linguistic regime from norm-oriented to functional-pragmatic.

This article is dedicated to the analysis of the concept of the digital body in the context of modern technologies and their impact on society, culture, and the individual. The digital body is defined as a virtual analog of the physical body that can be created and developed in virtual reality, augmented reality, and through other digital platforms. The article examines the potential opportunities offered by the digital body, such as enhancing health, opportunities for self-expression, expanding the boundaries of human experience, and developing new forms of interaction in digital space. However, alongside this, the authors also draw attention to the numerous challenges facing society as a result of the implementation of digital bodies. Among these challenges are data security issues, ethical dilemmas related to identity and privacy, as well as implications for mental health and social structure. The article includes forecasts regarding the future of digital bodies, emphasizing the need for an interdisciplinary approach to address the emerging issues. This research aims to highlight the complex dynamics between technological innovations and human experience, as well as to raise awareness of how digital bodies may transform our society in the coming decades.

This article examines the use of gamification in the educational process of higher education institutions, as well as its impact on student motivation and the quality of learning. Gamification, as an innovative approach, integrates game elements into curricula, contributing to the creation of a more interactive and engaging learning environment. The study analyzes various gamification tools, such as points, leaderboards, achievements, and virtual rewards, which help increase student engagement and stimulate active participation in learning. Special attention is given to the positive impact of gamification on the development of critical thinking, creativity, and teamwork. The article also presents the results of empirical research confirming the effectiveness of gamification methods in higher education. The necessity for further exploration and implementation of gamification approaches is emphasized, which will enable the creation of more modern and effective educational practices that meet the demands of the times and the interests of students

The article actualizes the issue of socio-cultural dominants in the relationship between teacher and student in the educational space of a modern university. The aim of the article is to analyze the socio-cultural dominants in the educational space, which are a set of values, norms and traditions formed under the influence of social and cultural context, and in turn affect the process of teaching and education. It is important to understand that these dominants may differ significantly from region, country and even a particular educational institution because they determine the way of interaction between all participants of the educational process, influence the teaching style, assessment methods and the curriculum. The article uses an analytical method to analyses key factors that determine the dynamics of these relationships: cultural traditions, norms and values inherent in the university, as well as the social and psychological aspects of interaction, by applying to them different models and approaches often used in the educational process, including authoritarian and partnership teaching styles, and how they impact on their impact on learning process and outcomes. The conclusion is made about the most effective individual approach in the pedagogical process and the introduction of flexible adaptive forms in the educational system. Awareness and consideration of socio-cultural dominants allow educational institutions to develop more adapted and relevant approaches to teaching, which contribute to the preparation of students for successful integration into society.

The article actualizes the question of socio-cultural dominants in the relationship between teacher and student in the educational space of a modern university. It is important to realize that these dominants can significantly differ from region, country and even from a particular educational institution because they determine the way of interaction between all participants of the educational process influence the teaching style, assessment methods and on the teaching style, assessment methods and the curriculum. Purpose of the article. The aim of the article is to analyze the socio-cultural dominants in the educational space, which are a set of values, norms and traditions, formed under the influence of the social and cultural context and in turn influence the process of education and upbringing. Methodology and methods of research.The article uses analytical method of inquiring key factors defining dynamics of these relations: cultural traditions, norms and traditions, norms and values typical for university. As well social and psychological aspects of the interaction applying to them the various models and approaches often used in the educational process are inquired, including authoritarian and partnership teaching styles, underscoring their impact on the learning process and learning outcomes. Results of the study. The authors concluded that being aware of and taking into account sociocultural dominants allows educational institutions to develop more adapted and relevant approaches to teaching, which contribute to preparing students for successful integration into society. Conclusion. The article conclude that the most effective individualized approach in the pedagogical process and the introduction of flexible adaptive forms in the educational system.

For many decades, A.S. Makarenko's creative heritage has been subjected to various types of interpretation and distortions, depending on the prevailing discourse at a particular time. Despite these circumstances, A.S. Makarenko's pedagogical theory and educational practice have not lost their relevance to this day. The purpose of this article is to search for value-oriented and personality-oriented attitudes of A.S. Makarenko's creative heritage. The scientific novelty of the article is the comprehension of the above-mentioned attitudes in the framework of several philosophical approaches, which not only emphasise that A.S. Makarenko's views are applicable to modern upbringing and educational systems, but also reveal the deep anthropic essence of A.S. Makarenko's pedagogical theory and educational practice, which is the main result of the proposed article.

BACKGROUND: Justice and equity play a key role in the development of a sustainable society. This article explores their role in health care and its impact on the accessibility and quality of health care for many social groups, which can serve as a vector for closer cooperation between health care institutions, health care agencies, and health care providers. This article explores their role in health care and their impact on access to and quality of care for many social groups, protection agencies and society. The authors analyze various aspects of justice in medicine, such as equal access to health care for all citizens, adequate allocation of health resources, and adequate distribution of health care resources, citizens, adequate allocation of health resources and reduction of inequalities in access to health care, which also depends on the effectiveness of the interaction between the patient and relevant officials of the patient with the relevant officials. The article emphasizes attention to the measures taken and policy strategies aimed at achieving a more just and equitable health care system, including the development of social protection programs, improving the accessibility and quality of health care for marginalized populations. The authors emphasize the need to create an equitable health care system in which every citizen has equal opportunities to receive necessary medical care regardless of their social status and circumstances. AIM: The purpose of this article is to examine the social, political and economic barriers to fair and equal access to quality health care for all citizens. One of the areas of analysis was a discussion of such phenomena as health-related “social stigma” and insufficiently developed professional identity of the doctor, which often act as barriers that reduce access to appropriate medical care for certain segments of the population, due to their background, social, economic status, and inability to communicate fairly and openly with others. METHODS: The corpus of domestic and foreign scientific publications, thematically relevant to the topic and discursive line of the article, was used. RESULTS: The results of the study reflect that poorly delivered health care has negative consequences — first of all, a decrease in the number of able-bodied population, increased health inequality, increased costs and burden on the health care system, violation of social justice, economic inequality, reduced development potential of the state, which, in turn, creates even deeper social problems — such as unemployment among the most vulnerable segments of the population, increased crime and others. CONCLUSION: The authors conclude that it is necessary to develop laws and legal acts in the field of health care, which, on the one hand, will contribute to increasing the availability of health care for the most vulnerable segments of the population. (in particular, expanding the practice of telemedicine services), and, on the other hand, it seems necessary to search for opportunities to reduce the cost of drugs and medicines for the patient, improve the quality of professional (re)training of medical personnel, provision of remote settlements with the necessary preventive means for monitoring the state of health of the population. In addition, the authors emphasize that international collaboration and sharing of experiences can serve as an effective way to overcome inequities and inequalities in access to quality health care.

This article analyses the complex moral issues that arise in the context of the use of modern genetic engineering technologies to alter genetic information in humans and other organisms. The focus is on issues of safety, justice, respect for human dignity, acceptability of gene editing, general access to gene editing technologies by population, regardless of class, race, social origin, and implications for the environment and biodiversity. The article places great emphasis on bioethical issues concerning the possible adverse effects of gene editing, such as eugenics. proper informed consent by the patient and other important bioethical dilemmas. These aspects of the issue under inquiry are of particular importance in modern society and scientific community due to the influence of such philosophical movements as transhumanism and posthumanism, which propose radical changes in humanity towards the creation of ‘superhumans’, who know neither pain, death nor suffering. In addition, the article emphasises the need for a reasoned and responsible approach to gene editing, taking into account high ethical and legal standards, to ensure that the field develops for the benefit of human beings and society.

Social medicine focuses on the social and economic aspects of health and related inequalities. It recognizes the im-portance of considering the sociobiological context of the patient when prescribing and providing health care.In this understanding, a person in social medicine is considered as an individual who is in interaction with the environment, social living conditions, cultural factors, access to medical services, economic and political realities. It also includes understanding the pa-tient's needs, expectations and preferences and how these may influence treatment decisions and subsequent recovery.This article dis-cusses the topic of an individual and personalized approach in bioethics. The basic principles underlying an individual and personalized approach in bioethics include taking into account individual values and preferences of patients, ensuring their autonomy, attention to potential risks and affirming equity in access to personalized medicine. The authors identify the main principles and offer recommenda-tions on the use of an individual and personalized approach in bioethics. An individual approach to planning and treatment includes taking into account the physiological, psychological, social and spiritual characteristics of the patient. It aims to create a treatment plan that, based on scientific evidence, best suits each patient's individual needs and goals. Ethical resolution of dilemmas and conflicts is an integral part of the individual approach. An open dialogue between the patient and members of the medical community, as well as ad-herence to the principles of justice, allows us to reach agreement and constructive solutions in difficult ethical situations. Overall, an individualized and personalized approach to bioethics helps improve the quality of medical practice and meet the unique needs of each patient. It embraces and respects the identity and diversity of individual values and beliefs, helping to create a more equitable and humane health care system.

The article explores the evolution of the idea of correlating numbers and meanings, from ancient numerological systems to modern models of natural language processing based on vector representations and neural networks. The authors demonstrate that the aspiration to uncover hidden properties of objects by associating them with numbers and performing operations on these numbers has been a common thread across various cultures for millennia. The article traces the stages in the formation of the concept of mathesis universalis (universal mathematics), starting from Aristotle and Proclus’s reflections on general mathematics and culminating in R. Descartes’s ideas about the existence of a universally applicable science of order and measure. Particular attention is devoted to G.W. Leibniz’s ambitious project of creating a universal characteristic – a formalized language in which all knowledge could be precisely expressed and logical inference could be carried out through calculations. It is noted that, despite inherent limitations, some of Leibniz’s intuitions have found embodiment in natural language processing technologies based on vector representations of words. However, the simple correlation of concepts with vectors is insufficient for the full realization of the idea of a calculus of reasoning, as it lacks a mechanism for deriving true statements from others. The development of the transformer architecture, which employs the mechanism of self-attention to construct context-dependent vector representations, has been a significant stride towards the automation of reasoning. Nevertheless, modern language models are based on the principle of maximizing likelihood rather than rigorous logical rules. The authors analyze conceptual solutions proposed for creating a comprehensive calculus of knowledge. In conclusion, it is emphasized that, while the idea of reducing reasoning to mathematical operations is undeniably attractive, one should be cautious about its maximalist interpretations. Cognition is constructive in nature, and even the most perfect model of formalization of reasoning cannot substitute for the practical wisdom and freedom of human thought.