Baraka P. Nyangoko

Traditional food processing methods such as salting, drying, and boiling are essential for enhancing food security, yet improper application of these techniques may pose safety risks. This study assessed food safety practices in the traditional processing of anchovy (Stolephorus spp.) among small-scale processors in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. Data were collected through household surveys (n = 305), direct observation, and laboratory analysis of 120 samples obtained from fresh, salt-boiled, and sun-dried anchovies. Results indicated that 62% of processors lacked awareness of proper handling practices, 81% had not received formal food safety training, and only 60% were familiar with regulatory authorities. About 30% of respondents reported that delays before processing contributed to the deterioration of anchovy quality. Microbial analysis across the processing stages detected Escherichia coli in 20% (mean: 1.43 × 10 CFU/g) of fresh, 55% (mean: 1.73 × 105 CFU/g) of salt-boiled, and 20% (mean: 3.75 × 104 CFU/g) of sun-dried samples, while Staphylococcus aureus was present in 68% (mean: 8.35 × 103 CFU/g) of fresh and all salt-boiled and sun-dried samples (mean: 7.93 × 103 CFU/g and 2.48 × 103 CFU/g respectively); Salmonella spp. were not detected (<LOD). Although salt-boiling and sun-drying significantly reduced contamination (E. coli: p = 0.003 and 0.015; S. aureus: p < 0.05), overall microbial loads indicate that these methods are insufficient to meet the microbiological safety standards set by TBS (TZS 1807:2016) and Codex Alimentarius. Education level and years of experience significantly influenced awareness of safe handling. These findings underscore the importance of improved hygienic practices and strengthened regulatory monitoring to ensure the safety in traditional anchovy processing.

Mangroves are increasingly recognized for their role in supporting adaptation to climate change and variability. However, knowledge about how climate change and variability affect mangrove ecosystem services (MES) and their role in supporting coastal communities to adaption is limited in Tanzania. We used participatory rural appraisal methods and field observations to explore local communities' perceptions of climate change and variability, and ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) strategies in the mangroves of the Rufiji Delta, Tanzania. Decrease in rainfall, increased temperatures, coastal flooding, and the incidence of sea level rise were identified as key variables associated with a changing climate in the delta. Perceived climatic stresses included damaged fish breeding sites, altered climate regulation and a decrease in coastal protection and flood control. Decline in crop, fish and honey production were perceived as the main impacts on community livelihoods, although there were significant differences across occupational groups. Dependence on MES in times of shocks, such as when agriculture production fails, switching of occupation, crop diversification, fishing in deep waters and migration to other areas provided potential adaptation options. Although the reported perceptions related to climate change or variability are not explicit, they both have negative consequences to mangrove dependent communities' livelihoods.

Nyangoko, B. P., M. S. Shalli, M. M. Mangora, M. Gullström, and H. Berg. 2022. Socioeconomic determinants of mangrove exploitation and management in the Pangani River Estuary, Tanzania. Ecology and Society 27(2):32. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-13227-270232

Understanding how local communities perceive and depend on mangrove ecosystem services (MES) is important for translating and incorporating their benefits, priorities, and preferences into conservation and decision-making processes. We used focus group discussions, key informant interviews, household questionnaires, and direct observations to explore how local communities in the Rufiji Delta perceive a multitude of MES and factors influencing their perceptions. Sixteen MES were identified by the respondents. Provisioning services were the most highly identified services, accounting for 67% of the overall responses, followed by regulating (53%), cultural (45%), and supporting (45%) services. Poles for building, firewood for cooking, coastal protection, and habitats for fisheries were perceived as the most important MES to sustain local livelihoods, although the perceptions differed between sites. Distance from household homes to mangroves and residence time were significant predictors of the local communities’ awareness of all identified MES. Gender of household heads and performance of local management committees also determined the local communities’ awareness of provisioning, regulating, and cultural services. We conclude that perceptions of MES are context-specific and influenced by multiple factors. We believe a deeper understanding of local stakeholders’ preferences for MES can help strengthen the link between local communities and conservation actors and can provide a basis for sustainable management of mangrove forests.