Chong-Jing Gao

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs), a class of synthetic semi-volatile organic compounds, are extensively incorporated into decorative materials. However, their specific occurrence, migration behaviors, and environmental impact on these materials—which comprise the largest surface areas in residential settings—remain insufficiently understood. This study investigated the distribution, emission dynamics, and environmental burdens of PAEs in flooring commonly used in Chinese households. The results showed that PAEs are widespread in flooring, with total concentrations ranging from 1220 to 166,000 ng/g (14,100 ng/g, median value). Solid wood flooring (55,900 ng/g) exhibited significantly higher PAE levels compared to engineered flooring (22,600 ng/g) and laminate flooring (4000 ng/g) (p < 0.05). Migration experiments revealed that solid wood flooring tended to continuously release PAEs, laminate flooring showed a pronounced capacity for PAE absorption, and engineered flooring exhibited both release and absorption behaviors. The initial PAE concentration is the dominant factor influencing migration rates, while the flooring type and substrate density also contribute to varying degrees. The estimated environmental burdens of PAEs resulting from flooring in newly renovated Chinese households ranged from 3.63 × 10⁹ ng to 3.45 × 10¹¹ ng, with a median value of 1.23 × 10¹⁰ ng. Households in the eastern and southwestern regions exhibited the highest PAE burdens, while the southern region showed the lowest. Socioeconomic factors such as residential floor area, number of rooms, household income, and renovation budget significantly influenced the environmental burden of PAEs derived from flooring.

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are one of the most widely used plasticizers globally, extensively employed in various decoration materials. However, studies on the impact of these materials on indoor environmental PAE pollution and their effects on human health are limited. In this study, forty dust samples were collected from four types of stores specializing in decoration materials (flooring, furniture boards, wall coverings, and household articles). The levels, sources, exposure doses, and potential health risks of PAEs in dust from decoration material stores were assessed. The total concentrations of Σ₉PAE (the sum of nine PAEs) in dust from all decoration-material stores ranged from 46,100 ng/g to 695,000 ng/g, with a median concentration of 146,000 ng/g. DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP were identified as the predominant components. Among all stores, furniture board stores exhibited the highest Σ₉PAE (159,000 ng/g, median value), while flooring stores exhibited the lowest (95,300 ng/g). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that decoration materials are important sources of PAEs in the indoor environment. The estimated daily intakes of PAEs through non-dietary dust ingestion and dermal-absorption pathways among staff in various decoration-material stores were 60.0 and 0.470 ng/kg-bw/day (flooring stores), 113 and 0.780 ng/kg-bw/day (furniture board stores), 102 and 0.510 ng/kg-bw/day (wall covering stores), and 114 and 0.710 ng/kg-bw/day (household article stores). Particularly, staff in wall-covering and furniture-board stores exhibited relatively higher exposure doses of DEHP. Risk assessment indicated that although certain PAEs posed potential health risks, the exposure levels for staff in decoration material stores were within acceptable limits. However, staff in wall covering stores exhibited relatively higher risks, necessitating targeted risk-management strategies. This study provides new insights into understanding the risk associated with PAEs in indoor environments.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders. Evidence has implied that environmental pollutants are important factors related to ASD. In this study, several environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including parabens, benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters, hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, triclosan and tetrabromobisphenol A were analyzed in blood plasma in ASD children (n = 34) and the control children (n = 28). The results showed that parabens were the most concentrated chemicals (2.18 ng/mL, median value), followed by hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (0.73 ng/mL), benzophenone-type ultraviolet filters (0.14 ng/mL), triclosan (0.13 ng/mL) and tetrabromobisphenol A (0.03 ng/mL). ASD children accumulated significantly lower 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, 4-hydroxybenzophenone and triclosan but higher 2-hydroxyphenanthrene and tetrabromobisphenol A than the control children (0.02/0.09 ng/mL of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, p < 0.05; 0.04/0.07 ng/mL of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, p < 0.05; 0.03/0.04 ng/mL of 4-hydroxybenzophenone, p < 0.05; 0.13/1.22 ng/mL of triclosan, p < 0.01; 0.03 ng/mL/not detected of 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, p < 0.05; 0.03/0.004 ng/mL of tetrabromobisphenol A, p < 0.05). Gender differences in certain environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals were evident, and the differences were more inclined toward boys. Positive associations between 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone and triclosan, and tetrabromobisphenol A and 2-hydroxyphenanthrene were found in ASD boys. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the adjusted odds ratio value of 2-hydroxyphenanthrene in ASD boys was 11.0 (1.45–84.0, p < 0.05). This is the first pilot study on multiple environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals in children with ASD in China.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a group of heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders. Evidences have implied that environmental pollutants are important factors related to ASD. In this study, several environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) including parabens, benzophenone-type ultraviolet (BP-type UV) filters, hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs), triclosan (TCS) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were analyzed in blood plasma in ASD (n=34) and the control children (n=28). The results showed that parabens were the most concentrated chemicals (2.18 ng/mL, median value) in ASD children, followed by OH-PAHs (0.73 ng/mL), BP-type UV filters (0.14 ng/mL), TCS (0.13 ng/mL) and TBBPA (0.03 ng/mL). ASD children accumulated significantly lower 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-HBP) and TCS, but higher 2-hydroxyphenanthrene (2-OH-Phen) and TBBPA than the control children (0.02/0.09 ng/mL of BP-3, p < 0.05; 0.04/0.07 ng/mL of BP-1, p < 0.05; 0.03/0.04 ng/mL of 4-HBP, p < 0.05; 0.13/1.22 ng/mL of TCS, p < 0.01; 0.03 ng/mL/not detected of 2-OH-Phen, p < 0.05; 0.03/0.004 ng/mL of TBBPA, p < 0.05). Sex-dependent differences in certain EDCs were evident, and the differences more inclined to boys. Positive associations between BP-3 and TCS, and TBBPA and 2-OH-Phen were found in ASD boys. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the adjusted odds ratio (OR) value of 2-OH-Phen in ASD boys was 11.0 (1.45-84.0, p < 0.05). This is the first pilot study on multiple EDCs in children with ASD in China.