Jalal Ahmed Shawon

Obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represent complex systemic disorders marked by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These pathophysiological processes disrupt insulin signaling and β-cell function, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis across multiple organs. Conventional therapies often target isolated pathways, overlooking the intricate molecular crosstalk and organelle-level disturbances driving disease progression. Citrus-derived polyphenols—including hesperidin, naringenin, nobiletin, and tangeretin—have emerged as promising agents capable of orchestrating a multi-targeted “metabolic reprogramming.” These compounds modulate key signaling pathways, including AMPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and Nrf2, thereby enhancing insulin sensitivity, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and restoring redox balance. Furthermore, they improve mitochondrial biogenesis, stabilize membrane potential, and alleviate ER stress by modulating the unfolded protein response (UPR), thus supporting cellular energy homeostasis and protein folding capacity. Evidence from preclinical studies and select clinical trials suggests that citrus polyphenols can significantly improve glycemic control, reduce oxidative and inflammatory markers, and preserve β-cell function. Their pleiotropic actions across molecular and organ-level targets position them as integrative metabolic modulators. This review presents a systems-level synthesis of how citrus polyphenols rewire metabolic signaling networks and organelle resilience, offering a holistic therapeutic strategy to mitigate the root causes of obesity-induced insulin resistance.

Obesity-induced insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represent complex systemic disorders marked by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, mito-chondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These pathophysiologi-cal processes disrupt insulin signaling and β-cell function, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis across multiple organs. Conventional therapies often target isolated pathways, overlooking the intricate molecular crosstalk and organelle-level disturb-ances driving disease progression. Citrus-derived polyphenols—including hesperidin, naringenin, nobiletin, and tange-retin have emerged as promising agents capable of orchestrating a multi-targeted “metabolic reprogramming.” These compounds modulate key signaling pathways, in-cluding AMPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and Nrf2, thereby enhancing insulin sensitivity, re-ducing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and restoring redox balance. Further-more, they improve mitochondrial biogenesis, stabilize membrane potential, and alle-viate ER stress by modulating the unfolded protein response (UPR), thus supporting cellular energy homeostasis and protein folding capacity. Evidence from preclinical studies and select clinical trials suggests that citrus poly-phenols can significantly improve glycemic control, reduce oxidative and inflamma-tory markers, and preserve β-cell function. Their pleiotropic actions across molecular and organ-level targets position them as integrative metabolic modulators. This review presents a systems-level synthesis of how citrus polyphenols rewire metabolic signal-ing networks and organelle resilience, offering a holistic therapeutic strategy to miti-gate the root causes of obesity-induced insulin resistance.

Streblus asper Lour., traditionally used for anti-diarrheal effects as like dysentery and diarrhea. The present study aims to prove the anti-diarrheal activities of methanolic extract of leaves of S. asper in animal models. The anti-diarrheal activity was evaluated using castor oil-induced diarrhea and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhea models whereas anti-motility activities were investigated using gastrointestinal transit test examined in animal models. In castor oil-induced diarrhea model, methanolic extract of S. asper (MESA) at the doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg produced statistically significant (P < 0.001) decreased the number of diarrheal feces of rats against castor oil-induced diarrhea as well as magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhea model also showed the same manner. In gastrointestinal transit test, delayed gastric emptying time decreased significantly (P < 0.001), the propulsion of charcoal meal in the gastrointestinal tract which also showed a dose-dependent manner in rats. The recent study indicates that MESA possesses anti-diarrheal property. The findings represent a rational explanation for its use in traditional medicine for the management of diarrhea management.