Ali H. Al-Marzoqi

Aerobic glycolysis is a process commonly utilized by tumor cells to produce excessive lactate, acidification of the extracellular milieu and promoting tumor progression. Lactate plays its roles as a metabolic intermediate and as a signaling molecule in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this literature review, we first describe how cancer cells alter their metabolism, focusing on the Warburg effect, LDHA-mediated lactate catalysis, and MCT1/4’s role in its removal. Next, we explain GPR81-mediated signal transduction and inhibition of HIF-1α and NF-κB degradation, which connects metabolism to oncogenic signaling pathways. We discuss lactate-driven histone lactylation as an epigenetic process that enhances gene expression for growth, angiogenesis, and immune evasion. We also examine lactate effects on Immune cells by inhibition of CD8 + T and NK cells, macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, and inhibition of dendritic cell (DC) maturation. Lactate shuttling between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor cells promotes metabolic symbiosis and therapy resistance. Lastly, this review examines treatment options targeting LDH and MCTs, either on their own or in combination with immunotherapy. We also discuss challenges including compensatory pathway activation and off-target effects. Understanding the mechanisms of lactate ‘s effects on the TME facilitates the development of more effective metabolic and immunometabolic cancer treatments. From a clinical perspective, targeting lactate metabolism through LDHA inhibitors and MCT blockers, alone or combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, represents a promising strategy to recondition the immunosuppressive TME and improve therapeutic outcomes. However, metabolic plasticity, pathway redundancy, and insufficient tumor selectivity remain significant translational challenges that warrant further investigation. Graphical Abstract The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

The Dietary Diabetes Risk Reduction Score (DDRRS) and Dietary Phytochemical Index (DPI) are evidence-based tools for assessing diabetes-preventive and phyt

Background: The new coronavirus causes many respiratory illnesses in Wuhan, China, under the name severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), from December 2019. The illness of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was brought on by this virus. At least three isoforms of the SP110 nuclear body protein are encoded by the SP110 gene. These include the SP110a, b, and c isoforms, which are the most abundant and are thought to come from alternative mRNA splicing. Aim: This study attempted to evaluate the impact of Sp110 gene variation on COVID-19 susceptibility in the province of Babylon. Materials and Methods: In this study, of 113 cases, 63 cases have clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients and 50 blood samples were collected from healthy people as a control group in this study from November 2021 to February 2022 at Al-Morgan Hospital. There were many demographic data included in the present study such as age distribution, sex distribution, and geographic distribution of COVID patients. Samples (63) from suspected COVID-19 patients from different age groups ranging from 20 to 80 years old were considered. Results: The Sp110 rs7580900 AA genotype was the most frequent in both COVID-19 (28.32%) and control (21.24%) groups. This indicates that the Sp110 Rs7580900 single-nucleotide polymorphisms are not related to susceptibility to COVID-19 in patients (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Significant results were seen in SP110 gene polymorphism between COVID patients and vaccinated persons at P ≤ 0.05. This may be the of Sp110in mediating SARS-CoV-2 infection as a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 entry.

Biological application of nanoparticles is very much interesting and increasingly recognized for their utility especially in bio-nanomedicine. The present investigation was chamical synthesis of cadmium nanoparticles by using hydrothermal method at different pHs (2, 5, 7, 9, and 11) then calcinated at 500 oC for 1 hr, after that these samples prepared doping by gold nanoparticles by using a photo-deposition method. And toxic effect on prokaryotic pathogens. XRD and FESEM analysis of the CdS NPs and Au/CdS indicated that they are in varying size from 20 to 100 nm size. Antibacterial activity of CdS and Au/CdS nanoparticles against clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis. Au/CdS NPs showed higher inhibitory effect than CdS NPs on Proteus mirabilis bacteria, so that effective Au/CdS NPs on genome P.mirabilis after treatment it.