Cem Korkut

The first date the Mongolian name was used in historical sources is the VII. Century. Mongols were considered an insignificant tribe in this period. The use of the Mongolian name as a state and dynasty coincides with the period of Genghis Khan. Mongols had very close relations with the Turks during the periods when they emerged as a political power, and these two nations were influenced by each other in many ways during the Great Hun, Göktürks and Uyghurs periods. The period when the Mongols played their main role in the world history scene was during the Mongol Empire established by Temüjin. Temüjin gathered the Mongol tribes under a single state administration and received the title of Genghis Khan. The spreading momentum at the time of Genghis Khan enabled the Mongols to establish one of the largest empires in history. So much so that this empire dominated about a quarter of the world. Most researchers tend to explain these expansionist activities of Genghis Khan and his legacy for the successors with barbarism and brute force. However, this explanation is inadequate not only in many respects but also in terms of understanding Genghis Khan’s economic activities and the administrative system he established. The most important reason for this is that the sources related to Genghis Khan Period are mostly insufficient. In this study, existing sources will be examined from the perspective of economic history. In addition, the Laws of Genghis Khan (Yassa) will be analyzed in terms of economy. This study analyzes the economic activities of Genghis Khan and the economic structure of the Mongol Empire at that time.

The first date the Mongolian name was used in historical sources is the VII. century. Mongols were considered an insignificant tribe in this period. The use of the Mongolian name as a state and dynasty coincides with the period of Genghis Khan. Mongols had very close relations with the Turks during the periods when they emerged as a political power, and these two nations were influenced by each other in many ways during the Great Hun, Göktürks and Uyghurs periods. The period when the Mongols played their main role in the world history scene was during the Mongol Empire established by Temüjin. Temüjin gathered the Mongol tribes under a single state administration and received the title of Genghis Khan. The spreading momentum at the time of Genghis Khan enabled the Mongols to establish one of the largest empires in history. So much so that this empire dominated about a quarter of the world. Most researchers tend to explain these expansionist activities of Genghis Khan and his legacy for the successors with barbarism and brute force. However, this explanation is inadequate not only in many respects but also in terms of understanding Genghis Khan’s economic activities and the administrative system he established. The most important reason for this is that the sources related to Genghis Khan period are mostly insufficient. In this study, existing sources will be examined from the perspective of economic history. In addition, the Laws of Genghis Khan (Yassa) will be analyzed in terms of economy. This study analyzes the economic activities of Genghis Khan and the economic structure of the Mongol Empire at that time.

This chapter examines whether hereditary trusteeship functioned as a sustainability mechanism in Ottoman cash waqfs in Greece. Using a newly compiled corpus of 192 cash waqf deeds from Rumelia registers (1544–1912), it codes deed-level governance and benefit provisions to distinguish family involvement in control from family entitlement in distribution. The evidence shows that hereditary trusteeship is widespread, while explicit direct family-benefit clauses are rare. Many deeds also embed succession fail-safe clauses that transfer appointment authority to an external legal actor upon lineage extinction, indicating a layered continuity design rather than unconstrained family capture. The chapter argues that hereditary trusteeship operated primarily as a governance continuity device for maintaining administrative capacity and protecting cash-waqf capital under changing legal and administrative regimes, offering a transferable framework for analyzing succession and resilience in family business sustainability.

Ahead of COP31, the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA) prepared this synthesis report, which brings together the collective expertise of 16 scientists from TÜBA Working Groups. Comprising seven chapters, the report charts a science-based path from electrification and zero waste to climate-resilient cities and green industrialisation. It explores how education, technology and artificial intelligence can accelerate climate resilience worldwide. Based on rigorous research, the report provides specific policy recommendations for the COP31 Action Agenda. The report reflects TÜBA's commitment to evidence-based climate science and international cooperation. Designed for scientists, policymakers and diplomats, the report calls for a global consensus based on shared responsibility. As Türkiye prepares to host COP31 in Antalya, this report serves as a scientific guide for climate action. It affirms that, as with lasting peace, lasting sustainability depends on unity across nations and disciplines.

This article develops the Turkic States Sustainable Finance Index (TSSFI), a region-specific composite framework for benchmarking sustainable finance readiness across the five members of the Organization of Turkic States (OTS): Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Türkiye, and Uzbekistan. Global indices seldom capture, within a single architecture, the joint constraints that shape these economies: post-Soviet institutional transition, hydrocarbon dependence, energy-transition pressure, Islamic finance potential, and external financial vulnerability. TS-SFI is organised into five dimensions: green finance capacity, institutional and regulatory framework, Islamic finance potential, energy-transition readiness, and external finance dependency and macro-financial buffers. To avoid rewarding economic size, all market-size indicators enter as ratios to GDP, and governance is measured with four Worldwide Governance Indicators. Indicators are min–max normalised and aggregated with equal weights, and the index is read as a five-dimensional readiness profile rather than a league table. Türkiye leads the composite in all main specifications, anchored in participation-finance depth and transition readiness, while Uzbekistan—whose labelled issuance relative to GDP is the deepest in the sample—is the robust runner-up; the remaining members cluster closely and their ordering is sensitive to measurement choices. TS-SFI is proposed as a diagnostic and coordination tool supporting the Turkic Green Vision.

This article examines how cash waqfs financed water services in Ottoman Rumelia (the empire’s Balkan provinces) from the sixteenth to the early twentieth century, as a contribution to both waqf studies and environmental history. It draws on a primary-source database of 953 Rumelian endowment records, from which 165 cash waqfs linked to water provision were identified and analysed. It makes three arguments. First, these foundations formed a significant, regionally differentiated mechanism of public provision: they supported fountains and waterways above all, but also bridges, sebils and mixed service clusters. Second, their importance lay less in establishing water services than in sustaining them: by converting preserved capital into recurring income for maintenance, wages and repair, cash waqfs operated as an institutionalised mechanism of sustainability. Third, the geography of this provision followed the environmental and urban structure of the Balkans, so that mountain, riverine and port settings produced distinct service profiles.

Küresel ekonomide büyüme görünümünün ılımlı seyrettiği ve ekonomik dönüşüm süreçlerinin öne çıktığı 2025 yılında, ülkeler ekonomik dayanıklılıklarını artırmaya