Igor V. Ilin

The Arctic region has significant potential for the extraction of mineral and energy resources. However, effective resource development requires careful and balanced decisions that minimize environmental impact and ensure sustainable resource management. This article discusses the development of a conceptual model of the ontology of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, focused on logistics and digital infrastructure. Ontology is a powerful tool for organizing areas of knowledge, providing a formal representation of concepts and their interrelationships. The main classes, relations, attributes and rules of functioning of the ontological model are defined. The significance of digitalization and logistic routes in the extreme climate of the Arctic is demonstrated. The proposed ontology systematizes information about logistics and digital components of the Arctic region of Russia. It allows creating a structured knowledge base that will enable stakeholders to analyze complex interdependencies, develop effective management strategies and make informed decisions that contribute to sustainable development in this vulnerable ecosystem. In developing the ontology, we aim to provide a unified view of the Arctic’s logistics and digital sphere, which helps stakeholders better navigate the complex system of challenges and opportunities.

In connection with ongoing climate change, an important factor in the development of the global energy is reducing its carbon footprint. Hydrogen energy may be the answer to the transition to environmentally friendly and resource-saving energy. The article presents an analytical review of promising methods of hydrogen production on the example of the Saratov region, as well as its potential consumers in the real and long term. The review content was selected by analyzing scientific articles published in various databases, electronic scientific libraries and media articles published on the internet. It was concluded that hydrogen produced in the Saratov region will be consumed to a greater extent in the same territory. The production of phosphate fertilizers and the utilization of hydrogen-containing gases in the oil reforming process will be the drivers of hydrogen energy development in the region. In the long term, the use of hydrogen as fuel will be developed. A high-tech autonomous hydrogen energy complex implemented at the Balakovo NPP will be capable of producing and supplying electricity to the electric power system during in the peak hours. It is noted that the Saratov region has the potential to produce biohydrogen obtained by processing agricultural waste. State measures to stimulate hydrogen producers and consumers in the region will play a decisive role in increasing the efficiency of hydrogen energy development in the Saratov region.

Tax expenditure management is one of the tools for conducting responsible fiscal policy. Unlike direct expenditures, tax expenditures do not consume resources, but allow the achievement of certain social and economic goals. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis of the expediency of using the mechanism of tax expenditures to influence investment activities and the development of priority sectors of the economy. The object of this study was a sample of nine countries of the G-20 group, whose reports provided data on the share of tax expenditures related to investment support and stimulating the development of priority sectors of the economy. The practice of generating reports on tax expenditures is quite common in developed countries, but there are several limitations for cross-country comparison: national characteristics of fiscal elements, and the level of openness and transparency of data on tax expenditures. The scale of using tax expenditures is determined by the multidimensional average method; countries are rated according to the value of the integral indicator. The scale of tax breaks determines the position in the ranking. The effectiveness of using tax breaks is assessed through the coefficient of increase in investment and the coefficient of increase in industrial production. The assessment results show whether economic indicators are outpacing the growth rate of tax benefits and preferences. A study of panel data revealed the average degree of influence of the total amount of tax expenditures on the dynamics of capital investments. The allocation of a target group of tax expenditures related to investment support showed a weak degree of influence on the dynamics of capital investment volumes. The results obtained can be explained by the fact that the allocation of a target group of tax expenditures may not reflect the full range of tax benefits provided to support investments, which is due to the peculiarities of the system of accounting and assessment of tax expenditures in a particular country. In addition, the contribution of tax expenditures may be insignificant if direct forms of support prevail.

In the age of energy transition that we are going through today, many research studies discuss how to develop various approaches to making forecasts aimed at obtaining quantitative assessments of the technical and economic indicators of the energy industry. This paper considers the adaptation of a comprehensive approach to forecasting the structure of energy generation based on the factor and trend approach and using autoregressive and multifactor models that apply a linear regression tool with ridge regularization. To implement this approach, we propose a tool for automated selection of the factors that have the most significant impact on the change in the structure of energy generation. This approach allows us to forecast the dynamics of electricity generation by different types of generating facilities as affected by the key factors in energy transition in the short, medium, and long term. As a result, we obtained quantitative relationships for the energy generation structure. Over the next 10 years, the share of generation using renewable energy sources will increase to 10%, and the share of thermal power plants, on the contrary, will decrease to 50%, despite the growth in demand for electricity. Also, greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by 30%. We have also provided scientific justification for the sufficient reliability of the forecasts we present.

The global prospects for the transition to green energy generation in Saratov oblast are discussed. The literature data on the current situation in the alternative energy sector (wind energy, solar energy, and bioenergy) in Saratov oblast have been studied and systematized. The data were obtained from the most relevant and cited publications in the world databases: Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) and from Internet media articles. The pros and cons, as well as the overall impact of each type of renewable energy available in Saratov oblast on the environment, are described. Much attention is paid to the impact of wind turbines and solar power plants on the environment. It has been established that the use of solar energy is most developed in this area. This is determined by climate conditions and the number of sunny days in the region. In view of the large formation of organic wastes in Saratov oblast, it is rational to use biomass to produce bioenergy. The government of Saratov oblast plans a further consistent increase in the proportion of renewable energy sources in the energy balance of the region. The proportion of renewable energy sources in the regional energy balance will reach 6% by 2035 and about 13% in 2050. We believe that the global prospects for green energy transitions in the Russian Federation, including Saratov oblast, consist in a partial transition to alternative energy (solar and wind energy) using bioenergy and highly efficient technologies for cleaning CO₂ emissions from conventional fuel.

Vaccination is critical to preventing the spread of diseases. It stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that fight specific diseases, eradicating and reducing their incidence. However, despite the proven benefits, there is hesitation and skepticism in some areas due to side effects and lack of knowledge. Developing a data collection and processing system to analyze vaccination is critical in today’s world. Vaccines are necessary to minimize morbidity and mortality, but success depends on analyzing data on vaccine use and efficacy. This system can identify potential side effects and adverse reactions, ensuring vaccine safety and building public confidence. This research focuses on IT support for analyzing vaccination side effects. The aim of this work is to develop an architecture model of the system to collect and process data on the health status of vaccinated patients. The research methodology consists of analyzing sources on the consequences and side effects of vaccination. On the basis of this knowledge, the key attributes (stakeholders, sources of information, input data, data analysis processes) of the data collection and analysis system were analyzed using an enterprise architecture approach. As a result, a general model of the architecture of the data collection and analysis system was proposed.

The article discusses global prospects for the transition to green energy generation in the Saratov region. The literature data on the current situation in the alternative energy sector (wind energy, solar energy, and bioenergy) in the Saratov region have been studied and systematized. The data were obtained from the most relevant and cited publications in the world databases Scopus, Google Scholar, RSCI and among Internet media articles. The pros and cons are described, as well as the overall impact on the environment of each type of renewable energy that exists in the Saratov region. Much attention is paid to the impact of wind turbines and solar power plants on the environment. It has been established that the use of solar energy is most developed in this area. This is due to climatic conditions and the number of sunny days in the region. In view of the large formation of organic waste in the Saratov region, it is rational to use biomass to obtain bioenergy. The Saratov region government intends to continue to steadily increase the share of renewable energy sources in the energy balance of the region. By 2035, the share of renewable energy sources in the regional energy balance will reach 6%, and in 2050 it will be about 13%. We believe that the global prospects for green energy transitions in the Russian Federation, as well as in the transmission to the Saratov region, consist in a partial transition to alternative energy (solar and wind), using bioenergy and highly efficient technologies for cleaning CO2 emissions from traditional fuel.

The problem of the excessive CO₂ emitted into the atmosphere is one of the significant problems for the modern world and ecology. This article examines the dynamics of carbon dioxide absorption from thermal power plants, TPP, and waste gases by three types of microalgae, the most typical for the Russian Federation: Chlorella kessleri, Chlorella vulgaris, and Chlorella sorokiniana. The exhaust gases of the TPP contain up to 39% carbon dioxide. In this work, the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide from model exhaust gases with a CO₂ content of up to 39% was studied. As a result of the study, a species of microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) was identified, characterized by the maximum rate of absorption of CO₂ = 0.412 g/L·day and the maximum volume of CO₂ utilized in 1 day = 8.125 L. The conducted research proved the possibility of utilizing a large content (up to 39%) of carbon dioxide from the exhaust gases of the TPP with the help of microalgae of the genus Chlorella. A scheme for the utilization of CO₂ with the help of microalgae is also proposed, which meets the principles of a circular economy (closed cycle).