Aybike Türkmen

As in other mammalian species, the complex and specific interactions between internal biological processes and external factors regulate and impact the male dog reproductive system functions. This comprehensive review integrates physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the reproductive system maintenance throughout the anatomical and histological structure of reproductive organs and their functions from development to aging. Simultaneously, the presentation of fundamental hormonal regulations and functions of the reproductive system is comprised. Special attention is put on e.g., genetic, developmental, age- and environmental-related disorders. The structural and hormonal status of the reproductive organs in response to single or mixed influences: genetic predispositions (e.g., cryptorchidism, sex chromosome aneuploidy syndrome), developmental courses (e.g., cryptorchidism, uterus masculinus, hypospadias), age-related diseases (e.g., tumors), and environmental stressors: e.g., endocrine-disrupting chemicals, toxins, heat stress (possibly leading to e.g., hypogonadism, cryptorchidism, infertility, tumors, precocious aging) is provided. Such multidirectional and comprehensive associations of grouped, selected, clinically significant pathological processes and diseases are broadly considered and linked here for the first time. Based on both epidemiological and experimental findings, the etiologies, current diagnostic approaches, treatment options, and prognostic assessments of these common male dog disorders are presented. This compendium seems useful for young veterinarians, researchers, breeders, and dog owners, enabling them to integrate knowledge on biological principles and processes with clinical practices and research in recent and future canine andrology.

4-Nonylphenol (4-NP), an endocrine disruptor, is known to induce mutagenic, toxic, or carcinogenic effects, including testicular toxicity via inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. The objective of this work was to determine the capacity of lycopene (LC) and gallic acid (GA) to protect testicular histological structure, biochemical responses, and semen parameters in rats exposed to 4-NP. In this 28-day dietary trial, six groups (n= 6 per group) received treatment via oral gavage: a control (corn oil, 2 mL/kg/day), LC (10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day), GA (50 mg/kg BW/day), 4-NP (125 mg/kg BW/day), LC + 4-NP (LC followed by 4-NP), and GA + 4-NP (GA followed by 4-NP) groups. The results indicated that 4-NP administration adversely affects the final body weight, testicular histology, seminiferous epithelium heights (SEHs) (4-NP: 57.95 ± 0.49, p : 0.000), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level, testis antioxidant capacity, testis malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and sperm viability and morphology. LC and GA supplementation significantly improved SEHs, activities of testis superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), and sperm viability compared to the 4-NP group. Moreover, LC and GA exposures decreased histopathological lesions, including germinal epithelial degeneration, vacuolization, immature germ cells in the tubular lumen, and congestion in the interstitial area. Furthermore, they lowered TUNEL-positive cell counts and tubule percentages, testicular MDA levels, and abnormal sperm percentages. To our knowledge, this study provides one of the first systematic comparisons of lycopene and gallic acid in protecting against 4-NP-induced testicular toxicity under identical experimental conditions. The findings suggest that both compounds preserve testicular structure and function through their antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.

Makroalgler çok hücreli ökaryotik organizmalardır ve deniz ekosisteminin çok önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmakta olup, doğada en hızlı büyüme gösteren bitkisel organizmalarıdır. Diğer taraftan gıda, hayvan yemi, ilaç ve kozmetik gibi sektörlerde kullanılabilen, biyolojik aktif bileşikler üretme yeteneğindeki organizmalardır. Ulva lactuca vitaminler, flavonoidler, tanenler, fenoller, polisakkaritler, saponinler ve polisakkaritler içerir ve ayrıca antiinflamatuar ve antikanser etkilere sahiptir. Günümüzde mikroorganizmaların neden olduğu hastalıklarla mücadelede antibiyotikler yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak pek çok yan etkisi olması, bakterilerin bu antibiyotiklere karşı direnç geliştirmesine neden olması ve aynı zamanda mali açıdan külfetli olması nedeniyle bilim adamları, toksik olarak etkisiz olan ya da çok az toksik etkiye sahip olan, aynı zamanda maliyet açısından ucuz olan materyallerden antibiyotik elde etmeye yönelmişlerdir. Günümüzde bu antibiyotiği elde etmek için kullanılan alternatif kaynaklar tıbbi kökenli bitkiler, makrofunguslar ve alglerdir. Bu derlemede makroalgler ve Ulva lactuca'nın antimikrobiyal ve antioksidan özellikleri incelenmiştir.

Aloe Vera, one of the recently developed medicinal plants, is of interest for its multiple effects and has also been shown to have antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer properties. Although it is known that the aloe vera family has protective effects on neurons, the neuroprotective effect of the aloe barbadensis miller plant has not yet been fully explained. Glufosinate is structurally similar to glutamate and is an herbicide that blocks glutamine synthetize. Glutamate has been shown to induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which causes toxicity. It is also known to induce oxidative stress in neurons. In our study, we exposed neuron culture to Aloe Vera Barbadensis Miller plant (25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 µgr/ml doses) for 24 hours against glufosinate (200 mM) and glutamate (10-5 mM) toxicity. After 24 hours, MTT, TAC, and TOS analyzes were performed and the results were revealed. In our study, it was seen that the aqueous extract of aloe barbadensis miller plant, glufosinate, and glutamate, could preserve the vitality of neurons (89% protection in AVB 400 µgr/ml group). At the same time, it was seen that while increasing the antioxidant level in neurons, it decreased the oxidant level. The group that increases the antioxidant value best is AVB 400 µgr/ml (the group that increases it 1.4 times). According to the results we obtained, it was revealed that aloe vera and its components may have an effect on neuroprotection.

Background: Pain is one of the common experiences which is unpleasant feeling that originates from any part of the body, is associated with real or possible tissue damage and linked to human past experiences. Momordica Charantia (MC) or bitter melon mainly is used all around the world for the treatment of diabetes, cancer and inflammation- associated conditions due to the existence of many bioactive ingredients which have vigorous biologic effect. The aim of our study is to investigate how low and high doses of MC plant affect foot inflammation and animal's behavior. Materials and Methods: Sixteen male rats randomly divided into 4 experimental groups. Formaldehyde was (hind-paw formalin injection) administered for inducing pain model. After 24 hours MC (50 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg) was administered every day for five days. During the experiment, the pain thresholds, motor cortex measurements and inflamed foot volume, Locomotor Activity Test and Water Overflow Method in sequence. Results: According to our result, when we consider the foot volume, pain threshold and motor cortex data of our control group, there is no significant difference between the beginning and the last day, while On the 7th day, the pain threshold continues to decrease as the foot volume of our animals in our positive control group does not decrease. 200 mg concentration of MC has provided a great treatment by reducing the increasing foot volume at the same time pain threshold and motor activity was in highest level at 4th day. Conclusion: Our experiment shows that MC (200 mg/ml MC ) has high analgesic activity provides significant pain reduction and improvement in symptoms

Biyologlar tarafından fitoplankton adı da verilen mikroalgler köksüz, sapsız ve yapraksız 1-50 mikrometre çapında çok küçük bitki benzeri organizmalardır. Tatlı sularda ve denizlerde yüzbinlerce türü bulunan mikroalgler sucul ekosistemlerde besin zincirinin en alt halkasını oluştururlar. Klorofil içeren çoğu türler, enerji kaynağı olarak güneş ışığını kullanarak karbondioksidi biyomasa (biyokütle) dönüştürürler. Fotosentez prosesindeki rollerinden dolayı, atmosferdeki oksijenin büyük bir kısmını mikroalgler üretirler. Çok geniş bir biyoçeşitliliğe sahip olup, 200 binden fazla tür içerdikleri bildirilmektedir. Genetik analizler sonucu mikroalg türlerinde devamlı bir artış gözlenmektedir. Son yıllarda alglerden 15 binden fazla yeni kimyasal bileşik keşfedilmiştir. Mikroalglerden elde edilen biyobileşiklerin birçoğunun antiviral etkiye sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bununla beraber bu biyoaktif bileşiklerin antibakteriyal, antioksidan ve antifungal etkileri üzerinde çok kapsamlı araştırmalar yapılmış olmasına rağmen antiviral etkileri üzerindeki araştırmalar sınırlı sayıdadır. Mikroaglerin antiviral etkileri üzerinde sınırlı sayıdaki bu araştırmalarda alglerden izole edilen bazı biyobileşiklerin “HIV, SARS ve AIDS” gibi hastalıkların etmeni olan virüslere etkili olabileceği bildirilmiştir. Ancak, mikroaglerden izole edilen farklı biyobileşiklerin koronavirüs gibi günümüzün en büyük pandemisine yol açan virüslerle ilgili araştırma sayısı yok denecek kadar azdır. Bugüne kadar KOVID-19 virüsüne karşı etkili olabilecek bir aşı veya virüsün üremesini inhibe edebilecek bir ilaç bulunamamıştır. Bu küresel sağlık sorununun çözümünde mikro veya makroalglerin ümit verici önemli doğal kaynaklardan biri olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu derlemede özellikle mikroalglerin antiviral etkileri özetlenmeye çalışılmış ve ülkemiz bilim insanlarının yeni antiviral ilaçların geliştirilmesinde alglerin ümit verici doğal kaynaklar olabileceği vurgulanmaya çalışılmıştır.