Małgorzata Chojnacka

Energy security after 2022 increasingly depends on maintaining services despite offshore infrastructure disruption. This integrative review examines policy documents, technical studies and four Baltic disruption episodes involving three systems: Nord Stream, Balticconnector and EstLink 2. The observation window is September 2022–December 2025; the two EstLink 2 episodes are within-asset observations, not independent replications. Asset unavailability means loss of a component’s intended function; service interruption means a break in the specified energy service; service failure means the inability of the assessed system to maintain the required service despite available substitutes. The comparison separates reported evidence, interpretations and untested propositions. Operating baselines, substitute supply and confirmed restoration explain why physical damage need not produce system-level service failure. An episode-level matrix links documented disruptions to institutional concern and protective responses without assigning hostile intent to every event. Public records document disruption and recovery sequences and the protection of EstLink 1 after the damage to EstLink 2. They do not establish resulting insurance premiums, financing losses or transition delays. Governance instruments and monitoring capabilities have distinct scopes and evidential limits. The contribution is a two-path framework with differentiated documentary support, not a statistically validated causal model or a representative inventory of Baltic infrastructure failures.

Theoretical background: The development of Polish hospitals is conditioned by a number of specific endo- and exogenous factors attributed to this group of entities. The aforementioned determinants relate to the predominance of prospects for action in conditions of high resource scarcity (both financial and personnel or material). The shape of Polish future hospitals is affected by the uncertainty, complexity, instability and ambiguity of the environment in which they operate. These entities need support (identification, adaptation, implication, assimilation, exploration, evaluation and accumulation) of the organizational system in achieving development goals. The effort to identify the distinctive features that may characterize the hospitals of future was undertaken by prominent Polish researchers. They were invited to participate in an expert study carried out using the Delphi method. Their answers allowed the development of an image of the Polish future hospital. This is simultaneously a desirable, probable, credible and possible image. Purpose of the article: The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of Polish future hospital. During the research, an expert method implemented by Delphi analysis was used. It included elements of prospective (novel) knowledge. First round involved experts sharing their intuitive assessments, as a result, an impressive set of characteristics was collected. In the next round, respondents received aggregated results based on the first round and were asked to express their individual level of agreement with other experts’ positions according to a scale of 1 to 5. There was also space for them to express their opinions or comments. The next step was to compile the collected material and present the results to the survey participants. Research methods: The study was conducted using the Delphi method, which is a research technique used to achieve consensus among experts in a given field with recognized scientific achievements. In this case, the goal was to develop a vision of Polish hospitals of the future. The study consisted of several rounds, which allowed for clarification of the results. The experts did not know the views of the other participants, which was intended to prevent the “group effect.” Main findings: The results of Delphi study revealed a catalog of priority future characteristics of Polish hospitals. The results of this study will be used in further empirical research. The study provides an overview of future hospital perspectives, as well as recognition of their characteristics. They also provide a pretext for creative insights into the future of hospitals by managers of such facilities. The study also complements the presented approaches, procedures and techniques used in studies of the future. No research relating to image formation of future hospital has been carried out in Poland so far.

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) is causing a lot of emotions and discussions around the world, both in the context of the possibilities it brings and the threats that may result from its irresponsible implementation. Trust in AI and the threats associated with it are important topics in the debate about the future of technology. This study examined how the scientific community in social sciences uses AI in scientific and teaching work. The survey obtained responses from 151 respondents who indicated their experiences with the use of AI by answering quantitative and qualitative questions. The study also determined the threats perceived by the academic community and the degree of trust in the answers obtained within the framework of AI technology.

The article presents a comprehensive study of the energy strategies of both countries, aimed at achieving their goals by 2050. A literature review presents global trends in energy policy, the current situation in Poland and Germany, and the importance of sustainable energy. For Poland and Germany, the current situation, goals, and strategies for 2050 are described, and the results of surveys carried out using a survey questionnaire are presented. A comparative analysis included a comparison of the goals and strategies of both countries and the results of surveys, presented in tabular form. This analysis drew conclusions regarding the differences and similarities in the approach of both countries to energy policy. The “Challenges and Prospects” section identifies potential challenges and presents opportunities and recommendations for the future. In conclusion, the article provides a thorough analysis, based on the methodology of a literature review, survey questionnaire, and tabular analysis, and contains important conclusions and implications for energy policy in Poland and Germany. The article also addresses the limitations of the study that may affect the interpretation of the results.

Theoretical background: Quality management and medical service improvement in district hospitals enables to achieve a number of internal and external benefits. It is a long-term process of conscious transformation of the existing state into a desired and accepted one by the concerned stakeholders. The diagnosis of the medical service organizations’ performance is an important aspect in the context of building a hospital of the future which is focused on quality, development and improvement. Purpose of the article: The article reveals the positions of hospital managers (directors) on the current level of the quality management maturity service improvement of the medical facilities they manage. Research methods: A diagnostic survey was conducted using a paper questionnaire. The form was handed in person and filled in the presence of the author. This provided an inducement for analysis and conclusions. The study was performed in 2022. Main findings: The level of implementation of the quality management system (QMS) principles in the surveyed hospital organizations, despite the variability, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity of the environment, was evaluated at 3.39. This means that the practice of the QMS is widely established, but not in most areas. Therefore, the scope of the principles cannot be considered as complete. The result is different for the assessed maturity of quality excellence in the selected accreditation standards. The surveyed district hospitals evaluated their maturity level at 3.69. Thus, the respondents considered that the maturity level to be close to 70%. They identify the practice as typical (only some exceptions are deviations from it). The surveyed hospitals also have evidence of continuous improvement after at least one year. Another important aspect concerned maturity research in relation to innovation. The surveyed entities determined this parameter at the level of 3.50, which corresponds to approximately 66%. The highest level of maturity achieved the hospitals in the operational skills in conditions of disruption. They assessed the adaptation abilities and taken actions towards sustainable development at the level of 3.82 (72%). These results prove that the district hospitals in the Wielkopolska voivodeship take steps toward excellence, but their level of excellence in 2022 is not full (as it does not apply to 100% of occurrences, and the practice is also not implemented in entire hospitals, without exceptions).

Reprezentanci pokolenia Y podejmują decyzje konsumenckie w rzeczywistości VUCA. Wykazują silne preferencje w zakresie przygotowania i organizacji podróży, dla których wzory realizacji oparte zostały o własne poczucie bezpieczeństwa. Skutki trwającej pandemii Covid-19 oraz wojny w Ukrainie stały się impulsem dla weryfikacji oczekiwań i preferencji osób urodzonych w latach 1982-2002 w zakresie świadczenia handlowej usługi lotniczej. Na podstawie opinii respondentów przynależących do pokolenia Y, potwierdzono redefinicję bezpieczeństwa wybranych środków transportu wobec otaczającej rzeczywistości i zidentyfikowano zależność pomiędzy oceną jakości pasażerskiego transportu lotniczego a poczuciem bezpieczeństwa.

In order to ensure the highest level of maritime travel safety, standards and rules are applied aimed at eliminating potential risks. In view of changes in the environment – as a result of, among others, the Covid-19 pandemic and Russia’s aggression against Ukraine – it has become necessary to verify expec-tations and preferences towards the provision of maritime transport services from the perspective of its users, representing generation Y. A key factor for evaluating cruise maritime service in the situation of current threats was identi-fied to achieve the objective of this study. At the same time, groups of factors responsible for the emergence of threats to travelers were identified, and pro-posals for measures to increase confidence in maritime transportation were evaluated from the perspective of the surveyed participants.

Doskonalenie jakości w polskiej administracji publicznej w kontekście potencjału tkwiącego w narzędziach kreatywności i technikach badania zadowolenia klienta The

Marketing i Rynek. Prenumerata roczna 2021 (12 kolejnych numerów), Marketing i Rynek. Prenumerata półroczna 2021 (6 kolejnych numerów)