Wilson Anchico-Jojoa

Colombia es reconocido mundialmente por la producción de café de alta calidad, siendo este cultivo uno de los pilares de su economía agrícola y un elemento central de su identidad productiva. Ante los desafíos de la variabilidad climática y la creciente demanda de Coffea canephora, se ha impulsado su evaluación en zonas no tradicionales como el departamento de Córdoba. Este estudio comparó la estructura de la macrofauna edáfica y las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo entre un monocultivo de café (SCC) con tres años de establecimiento y un sistema silvopastoril (SSPP) con más de 15 años de implementación en el Centro de Investigación Turipaná de AGROSAVIA, Cereté, Córdoba. Se realizaron muestreos por triplicado en dos estratos de profundidad (0–10 cm y 10–20 cm). Se registraron 344 individuos en total, sin diferencias en abundancia entre sistemas. Sin embargo, el sistema silvopastoril presentó mayor riqueza taxonómica, con 13 órdenes y 29 morfoespecies frente a seis órdenes y 13 morfoespecies en el café, diferencia respaldada por el índice de Margalef (p = 0.0475). Las variables fisicoquímicas humedad volumétrica y conductividad eléctrica fueron significativamente superiores en el silvopastoril. Los contenidos de materia orgánica fueron similares entre los dos sistemas. Los resultados constituyen un indicador preliminar favorable para la viabilidad agroecológica del café en la región, aunque se recomienda realizar evaluaciones de mediano y largo plazo para determinar la trayectoria de la biodiversidad edáfica bajo este sistema productivo.

Cocoa fermentation enables the activity of microorganisms that are crucial for its aroma and flavor. This study evaluated how to improve the post-harvest quality of cocoa using specific microbial consortia and a controlled fermentation device at six different time points: 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. Three treatments were compared using CCN51 cocoa beans: spontaneous fermentation (FESP); inoculation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae-CAO-004, Issatchenkia orientalis-CAO-003, and Gluconacetobacter sp.-CAO-008 (SIGO); and inoculation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae-CAO-004, Lactobacillus plantarum-CAO-009, and Acetobacter pasteurianus-CAO-010 (SILA). Analyses included pH, microbial dynamics, organic acids, alkaloids, polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, and sensory profile. Treatments involving the inoculation of microbial consortia not only increased the populations of yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, and acetic acid bacteria, but also altered the levels of organic acids and significantly enhanced quality. These treatments classified the cocoa as premium and showed significant differences in compounds such as caffeine and flavonoids like catechins. The SIGO treatment achieved the highest score (8.0) due to its balance of flavors and fruity, sweet, and nutty notes. SILA, with a score of 7.5, also stood out for its flavor balance and fruity, nutty, and floral attributes. The inoculation of specific microbial consortia and the use of a controlled fermentation device improve the quality and flavor of CCN51 cocoa, offering a valuable tool to optimize fermentation and enhance the final product ultimately improving cocoa quality and competitiveness while fostering innovation and sustainability in the industry, optimizing the process to ensure a high-value final product.

Saponins are widely recognized for their biological properties, which has led to the development of several research projects applicable to the agricultural sector. In this sense, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antifungal effect of saponins extracted from quinoa husks, using the crude extract, and incorporated in a formulation against Botrytis cinerea in strawberries. The extraction of saponins by the maceration method was studied, where the effect of temperature, time, and ethanol concentration on the extraction of saponins was evaluated; the process was optimized using a central composite design (CCD). The in vitro antifungal effect of the crude extract of saponins was evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), while the in vitro and in vivo antifungal effect of the formulation was determined by the mycelial inhibition percentage and control percentage, respectively. The optimum extraction point of saponins was obtained at 49.8 °C, 0.367 h, and 47.4% ethanol. On the other hand, the antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea was dependent on the concentration of saponins; in the in vitro evaluation the MIC of the crude extract was 8.25 mg mL-1 of saponins and the mycelial inhibition percentage of the formulation was higher than 90%. In the in vivo evaluation of the formulation, the percentage of control ranged from 63.03 to 76.14%, compared to 61.5% control exhibited by the chemical fungicide Carbendazim.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) exhibits great potential for adaptation to various agroecological conditions, making it a diversification option for different production systems. In this regard, the objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the agronomic characteristics of different progenies intercropped with coffee (Coffea arabica) cultivation under Popayan (Colombia) conditions, in order to determine their adaptation potential in coffee regions of Colombia. The research was conducted at the Experimental Farm "La Prosperidad", located in the municipality of Popayan, Colombia, at an altitude of 1,800 m. Ten genotypes were evaluated: five selected from BRS Syetetuba (Brazil), three from Colombia (San José, Aurora, and Blanca Dulce de Jericó), and two from Ecuador (Piartal and Tunkahuan). The planting was done between the coffee rows in the zoca stage, in an experimental area of 406 m2, following a completely randomized block design with four replications. Characteristics such as plant height, panicle size, central panicle perimeter, weight of 1,000 grains, grain yield, dry mass yield, harvest index, and phenological stages were evaluated. All quinoa materials showed an early cycle with a maximum value of 118 days, with ‘San José’, ‘Aurora’, ‘BCX1’, and ‘BCX4’ standing out with averages below 110 days. Grain yields ranged from 1,120 to 2,900 kg ha-1, with the genotype BCX6 standing out with 2,900 kg ha-1 and ‘Piartal’ with 2,883 kg ha-1. The weight of 1,000 grains averaged 2.62 g, and the harvest index was 27.96%. Meanwhile, the contribution of dry matter to the intercropped system was 7,799.50 kg ha-1. The genotypes showed adaptation potential in the intercropping system with coffee. A high variability of quinoa genotypes was observed, which is an interesting characteristic for specific selection processes in diversified production arrangements.

In agroindustry, quinoa is considered a functional food due to its health benefits. However, it is necessary to identify genotypes that have better physicochemical characteristics and high antioxidant capacity for selection in breeding programs. This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of quinoa genotypes originating from Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador grown in the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) environment. The sowing was carried out at Fazenda Água Limpa, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Brasília, located at 15º56' S and 47º55' W, at an altitude of 1,100 m. The physicochemical analysis was performed in 2021 at the Centro de Pesquisa em Alimentação of the Universidade Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, and the antioxidant capacity analysis was carried out at the Universidad de Santiago de Chile. The moisture, ash, protein, carbohydrates (CHO), crude fiber, lipid, and antioxidant capacity were determined. The original data was submitted to analysis of variance, by the F test (P≤0.05), and the means compared by the Tukey test. Linear correlations (Fischer) (P≤0.01) and (P≤0.05) and hierarchical clustering analysis by the Ward method were performed. The genotypes showed variability in physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity. CHO was the major compound present in the seeds, exhibiting an average of 50.16%, the protein average was 15.27%, with the P88 genotype standing out with 16.28%. The lipids, fiber, and ash average content were 3.24, 14.13, 6.0%, respectively. CHO showed a positive correlation with the lipid parameter (r=0.858) and a significant negative correlation with protein (r=-0.785). The Aurora cultivar expressed the highest antioxidant activity (1.96±0.01 mg Trolox/g).

Quinoa is a self-pollinating species with very small flowers, which hinders efficiency in crossbreeding. Therefore, developing an efficient crossbreeding method should be considered an important step for breeding programs. In this regard, the objective of this study was to obtain hybrids, estimate the rate of natural hybridization, and estimate genetic parameters and agronomic characteristics of the F₂ generation. Crossbreeding assays were set up in three environments with four parents, using two methodologies, pot planting and field planting. Morphological markers were used to identify the hybrids, which were self-pollinated to obtain the F₂ generation. The results indicated that cross-pollination ranged from 3.81% to 19.88% depending on the planting methodology. The presence of pigmentation was dominant compared to its absence. The most prominent hybrid was obtained from the cross P88 x BX4, showing grain yield of 3000 kg ha^-1. Broad-sense heritability was identified with values exceeding 81.27% for all variables.

Quinoa is a highly adaptable crop due to its considerable genetic variability, making it an important trait for cultivation under different soil and climatic conditions. To achieve crop-wide adaptation, it is essential to identify variability based on morpho-agronomic differences and genotype x environment (GxE) interaction. This study aimed to characterize eight quinoa progenies in Brazil and Colombia. The experiments in Brazil were conducted in an irrigated area of the Fazenda Água Limpa, Universidade de Brasília, at 1,100 m, on two dates: March to July 2018 and May to August 2019. In Colombia, experiments were carried out in Santander de Quilichao and Popayán at 1,100 and 1,800 m, respectively. The treatments consisted of five progenies selected in Brazil, one from Colombia, and two from Ecuador. The experiments followed a complete randomized block design, with eight progenies and four replications. For statistical analysis, the F test was used with p≤0.01 and p≤0.05. Means were grouped by the Scott-Knott test. The AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction) analysis was performed, combining analysis of variance and analysis of principal components, to adjust the main effects of genotypes (G) and environments (E) and the GxE interaction. Significant differences were found at p≤0.01 and p≤0.05 for environments, genotypes, and the interaction of GxE. The progenies with wide adaptation to environments were BRX2, BRX5, BRX6 (selected from BRS Syetetuba) and PRIX (selected from Piartal), with average yields above 3,151.95 kg/ha. The genotypes showed differences at the same location in different periods, expressing the need to carry out selection for specific periods and locations. Genotypes BRX5 and BRX6 showed high agronomic potential in all evaluated environments, being promising for future genetic improvement programs.

En la agroindustria, la quinua es considerada un alimento funcional para por sus beneficios para la salud. Sin embargo, es necesario identificar genotipos que proporcionen mejores características fisicoquímicas y alta capacidad antioxidante para la selección en los programas de mejoramiento genético. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la composición fisicoquímica y la capacidad antioxidante de genotipos de quinua originarios de Brasil, Colombia y Ecuador cultivados en condiciones de la Sabana Brasileña (Cerrado). La siembra se llevó a cabo en la Hacienda Agua Limpa de la Facultad de Agronomía y Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad de Brasilia, ubicada a 15º56' S y 47º55' O, a una altitud de 1.100 m. El análisis fisicoquímico se realizó en año 2021 en el Centro de Investigación de Alimentos de la Universidad de Passo Fondo, Río Grande do Sul, y el análisis de capacidad antioxidante se realizó en la Universidad de Santiago de Chile. Se determinó el contenido de humedad, cenizas, proteínas, carbohidratos (CHO), fibra bruta, lípidos y capacidad antioxidante. Los datos originales fueron sometidos a análisis de varianza, mediante la prueba F (P≤0,05), y la comparación de medias por la prueba de Tukey. Se realizarón análisis de correlación lineal (Fischer) (P≤0,01) y (P≤0,05), y análisis de agrupación jerárquico por el método Ward. Los genotipos presentaron variabilidad en las características fisicoquímicas y actividad antioxidante. Los CHO fueron los compuestos mayoritarios presentes en las semillas, mostrando un promedio de 50,16%, el promedio de proteína fue del 15,27%, con mayores resultados para el genotipo P88 (16,28%). El contenido promedio de lípidos, fibra y cenizas fueron 3,24; 14,13 y 6,0%, respectivamente. Los CHO mostraron una correlación positiva con el parámetro lipídico (r=0,858) y una correlación negativa significativa con la proteína (r=-0,785). El cultivar Aurora expresó una mayor actividad antioxidante (1,96±0,01 mg Trolox/g).

La introducción de la quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) en la Sabana Brasileña ha tenido éxito basada en la selección de progenies de los tipos de valle. Dada la amplia variación de ambientes, una alternativa para definir el ciclo de madurez de la planta ha sido el uso del tiempo térmico acumulado (TTA). Esta medida permite la predicción del ciclo de la planta y proporciona apoyo para definir la duración de la fenología, siendo útil en el manejo y mejoramiento de los cultivos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo calcular las unidades térmicas para 13 códigos de la escala BBCH de la quinua, mediante la evaluación de 12 progenies seleccionadas y cultivadas en dos fechas de siembra, a 15° 56' S y 47° 55' O, altitud de 1.100 m, Brasilia, DF, Brasil. Las diferencias estadísticas fueron predominantes desde el inicio de las fases reproductivas BBCH-50, clasificando las progenies como precoces, de ciclo medio y tardías. Las progenies de madurez temprana y sus respectivas TTA para BBCH-89 son BRQ4 (1.676,8), BRQ1 (1.685) y AUR (1.691), contrastando con las tardías BLA (2.239), BRQ3 (1.929,1 GDD) y BRQ8 (1.895). Las unidades térmicas acumuladas para BBCH-89 oscilaron entre 1.565,25 y 2.381, con una diferencia entre los genotipos más precoces y los más tardíos de 815,75. Las progenies seleccionadas de los cultivares existentes son diferentes en cuanto a la acumulación de unidades térmicas, lo que implica la eficiencia en la adquisición de cultivares para escalonar el cultivo de quinua. Las unidades térmicas acumuladas explican el rango de ciclos de maduración de las plantas en la selección. Además, el cálculo del TTA para los códigos de la escala BBCH es una herramienta eficaz para predecir el ciclo fenológico de la quinua.

Ozonation has been evaluated as an alternative method for seed treatment. In this context, the goal of this study was to evaluate the saturation process and kinetics of decomposition of ozone in a porous medium composed of quinoa BRS Syetetuba and possible changes in seed quality. Ozone concentration and saturation time in the porous medium and half-life were determined by adopting an inlet ozone concentration of 885 ppm and a flow rate of 5.0 L min-1 at 25 °C. The ozonation periods adopted were 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Regarding the physiological quality of the seeds, the germination percentage, germination speed index, electrical conductivity, and length of the shoot, root, and normal seedlings were analyzed. At the inlet ozone concentration of 885 ppm and a flow rate of 5.0 L min-1, the saturation concentration and saturation time in the porous medium composed of quinoa were 522.5 ppm and 12.0 min, respectively. The half-life of ozone in the porous medium was 6.08 min at 25 °C. Under these conditions, ozonation did not affect the physiological quality of quinoa BRS Syetetuba seeds for up to 120 min.